Our objectives for this manuscript are to review the mechanisms of muscle growth, the biological basis of meat tenderness, and the relationship between these two processes. Muscle growth is determined by hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Muscle cell size is determined by the balance between the amount of muscle protein synthesized and the amount of muscle protein degraded. Current evidence suggests ...

A 14-year-old girl was being treated for pyelonephritis and had been on ceftriaxone for 2 days as an inpatient. She presented with mild fever of 99.4°F, dysuria, suprapubic and fl ank tenderness, and costovertebral angle tenderness, which was consistent with pyelonephritis. Genital exam was normal. She was empirically started on ceftriaxone, and subsequently, the urine culture grew Escherichia ...

Drawing on life-history theory, it is predicted that individuals’ attitudinal orientation toward unrestricted short-term mating behavior, as well as their ability to engage in such behavior, are inversely related to nurturant emotional responses (tenderness) to infants. To test these hypotheses, participants (N = 305) completed measures assessing individual differences in short-term mating orie...

and Implication We tested the hypothesis that supplemental dietary vitamin D3 could be used to improve tenderness of pork. On the basis of elevation of blood calcium concentration and constant feed intake, we determined that 500,000 IU daily for three days before slaughter was the optimal dosage. This dosage resulted in no improvement in pork tenderness as based on two commonly used tenderness ...

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of Brahman crossbreeding and postmortem technologies (electrical stimulation vacuum aging) on eating quality loins from pasture-finished bulls. Fifty yearling bulls representing five Brahman-influenced types (n = 10 each): (BRAH), F1-Angus (F1ANG), F1-Chianina (F1CHI), F1-Romosinuano (F1ROM), F1-Simmental (F1SIM) were supplemented pasture until reac...

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) have been identified at the bovine calpastatin locus. The objective of the present study was to determine whether these polymorphisms are related to variations in calpastatin activity or beef tenderness in unrelated animals of mixed breeding. A sample of 83 crossbred steers from sires representing eight different breeds was examined to determine ...

Carcass and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) data from strip loin steaks were obtained from 7,179 progeny of Angus, Brahman, Brangus, Charolais, Gelbvieh, Hereford, Limousin, Maine-Anjou, Red Angus, Salers, Shorthorn, Simbrah, Simmental, and South Devon sires. Trained sensory panel (TSP) evaluations were obtained on 2,320 steaks sampled from contemporary groups of progeny from one to five sir...

In order for livestock industries to consistently produce high quality meat, there must be an understanding of the factors that cause quality to vary, as well as the contribution of genetics. A brief overview of meat tenderness is presented to understand how genotype and environment may interact to influence this trait. Essentially, meat tenderness is determined from the contribution of connect...

The present research proposes that empathic concern, as assessed by six items of the ERQ, consists of two separate emotions, i.e., tenderness and sympathy. To test this assumption, nine studies were conducted among, in total, 1,273 participants. In these studies participants were presented with a hypothetical scenario of someone in need, after which empathic concern was assessed. Factor analyse...

In this study, we adopted a model of tenderness classification in order to determine the factors affecting the tenderness and tenderization characteristics of beef longissimus, using cluster analysis on the basis of Warner-Bratzler shear force and myofibril fragmentation index, at 1, 7, and 14 d. The rate of tenderization was effectively differentiated by pH, R-values, mu-calpain activity, and ...