Skeletal muscle denervation causes muscle atrophy via complex molecular mechanisms that are not well understood. To better understand these mechanisms, we investigated how muscle denervation increases growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45α (Gadd45a) mRNA in skeletal muscle. Previous studies established that muscle denervation strongly induces Gadd45a mRNA, which increases Gadd45a, a small m...

Steroids are medications that have been widely utilized for a number of ailments, both acute and chronic. The action endogenous steroids, nuclear hormones penetrate cell membranes to bind certain glucocorticoid receptors in the cytoplasm target cells form glucocorticoid-receptor (GR) complexes, is mimicked by synthetic glucocorticoids. translocated activated GR complex regulates DNA transcripti...

It is well established that long durations of bed rest, limb immobilization, or reduced activity in respiratory muscles during mechanical ventilation results in skeletal muscle atrophy in humans and other animals. The idea that mitochondrial damage/dysfunction contributes to disuse muscle atrophy originated over 40 years ago. These early studies were largely descriptive and did not provide uneq...

BACKGROUND Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an inflammatory cytokine. Whether systemic IL-6 affects atrogene expression and disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is unclear. METHODS Tail-suspended mice were used as a disuse-induced muscle atrophy model. We administered anti-mouse IL-6 receptor antibody, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and vitamin D to the mice and examined the effects on atrog...

Parry Romberg's syndrome is an uncommon disorder characterized by atrophy of skin and subcutaneous tissue of one side of face. It has neurologic sequel. The commonest of which is epilepsy. Here, we present a 17-year old girl with features of Parry Romberg's disease with intractable epilepsy. Her seizures have stopped with systemic corticosteroids. This treatment response, together with previous...

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is used clinically to induce therapeutic chemical denervation of spastically contracted skeletal muscles. However, BoNT/A administration can also cause atrophy. We sought to determine whether a major proteolytic pathway contributing to atrophy in multiple models of muscle wasting, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), is involved in BoNT/A-induced atrophy. ...

Judge AR, Koncarevic A, Hunter RB, Liou H-C, Jackman RW, Kandarian SC. Role for I B , but not c-Rel, in skeletal muscle atrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292: C372–C382, 2007. First published August 23, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00293.2006.—Skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with a marked and sustained activation of nuclear factorB (NFB) activity. Previous work showed that p50 is one of the...

24 25 Immobilization causes skeletal muscle atrophy via complex signaling pathways that are not well 26 understood. To better understand these pathways, we investigated the roles of p53 and ATF4, two 27 transcription factors that mediate adaptations to a variety of cellular stresses. Using mouse models, we 28 demonstrate that three days of muscle immobilization induces muscle atrophy and increa...