conclusions a review of the literature on the use of hypnotic drugs in patients with liver dysfunction showed that some hypnotic drugs used during anesthesia could be safely used in patients with impaired liver function. in these patients, certain drugs should be used with caution. results anesthesia should be performed with caution in patients with hepatic dysfunction and drugs with long half-...

BACKGROUND Alcohol withdrawal delirium is the most serious manifestation of alcohol withdrawal. Evidence suggests that appropriate care improves mortality, but systematic reviews are unavailable. METHODS Articles with original data on management of alcohol withdrawal delirium underwent structured review and meta-analysis. RESULTS Meta-analysis of 9 prospective controlled trials demonstrated...

Ziziphus nummularia from Rhamnaceae family is traditionally used for sedative-hypnotic, antipyretic and analgesic purposes; however, scientific validations are lacking. This in vivo study was undertaken to verify the above ameliorative properties of Z. nummularia root methanolic extract. Various fractions of the extract were assayed on Balb/c mice by open field, Brewer's yeast-induced hyperther...

BACKGROUND The market of hypnotic and sedative drugs is being updated due to the high toxicity barbiturates limitations their use. Currently, safer such as Z-drugs, Doxylamine, some benzodiazepine derivatives are often prescribed for treatment anxiety insomnia, but they can cause acute poisoning if overdosed or in case nonmedical AIM To establish an affordable express thin-layer chromatography ...

This review focuses on the unique clinical and molecular pharmacologic features of etomidate. Among general anesthesia induction drugs, etomidate is the only imidazole, and it has the most favorable therapeutic index for single-bolus administration. It also produces a unique toxicity among anesthetic drugs: inhibition of adrenal steroid synthesis that far outlasts its hypnotic action and that m...

Prolonged use of controlled substances can place patients at increased risk dependence and complications. Women who have mastectomy reconstructive surgery (M + R) may be vulnerable to becoming new persistent users (NPUs) opioid sedative-hypnotic medications. Using the MarketScan health-care claims database, we identified opioid- sedative-hypnotic-naïve women had M R from 2008 2017. filled ≥ 1 p...

population. Current pharmacological approaches focus primarily on the g-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic system, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter system of the central nervous system (CNS). Drugs that enhance synaptic GABA-ergic neurotransmission are widely utilized in the clinical setting for their sedative or hypnotic effects. Several classes of compounds—GABA, benzodiazepines, barbiturate...

BACKGROUND Time-trend studies on psychotropic drugs among children and adolescents are scarce, and most of them are outdated. The purpose of this study was to study prevalences of psychotropic drug use during 2004-2014 among Norwegians aged <18 years, overall and in psychotropic sub-groups. METHODS Data were obtained from the Norwegian Prescription Database, which covers all dispensed prescri...

BACKGROUND Etomidate is a sedative hypnotic that is often used in critically ill patients because it provides superior hemodynamic stability. However, it also binds with high affinity to 11beta-hydroxylase, potently suppressing the synthesis of steroids by the adrenal gland that are necessary for survival. The authors report the results of studies to define the pharmacology of (R)-ethyl 1-(1-ph...