abstract hop stunt viroid (hsvd) and citrus tristeza virus (ctv) are the causal agents of most important diseases of citrus. previously we reported a novel variant of hsvd that constantly associated with the yellow corky vein disease. here, 19 individual citrus leaves with yellow corky vein symptoms were sampled for ctv by elisa. in this study, most symptomatic samples were found to be infected...

Introduction: Endovenous laser treatment (ELT) is a new treatment method for the reflux of the great saphenous vein. A successful ELT is dependent on the selection of optimum parameters required to achieve optimal vein damage while avoiding side effects including skin burns. The mathematical modeling of ELT can be used to understand the process of ELT. This study was conducted to examine the ef...

in this investigation, 25 adult new zealand white rabbits randomly selected from both sexes and studied.coloured latex injection and corrosion cast methods were applied on the materials. this study was carried out to disclose the distribution of the cardiac veins of the new zealand white rabbits. the veins that drain the heart were found to be the great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, th...

the use of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for assessing pulmonary vein due to its status as a main source of ectopic beats for the initiation of atrial dysrrythmias is strongly recommended.   we report the case of a 13-year-old girl who was admitted to our hospital with the electrocardiogram manifestation of an ectopic atrial tachycardia. the focus of arrhythmia was inside the right upper p...