This paper presents a novel stochastic optimisation approach to determining the feasible optimal solution of the economic dispatch (ED) problem considering various generator constraints. Many practical constraints of generators, such as ramp rate limits, prohibited operating zones and the valve point effect, are considered. These constraints make the ED problem a non-smooth/nonconvex minimisati...

Persistent inward current (PIC) plays an important role in setting the input-output gain of motoneurons. In humans, these currents are estimated by calculating the difference between synaptic input at motor unit recruitment and derecruitment (ΔF) derived from paired motor unit recordings. The primary objective of this study was to use the relationship between reciprocal inhibition (RI) and PIC ...

A versatile ®eld measurement system HAL2 was developed and used for SSC magnet measurements. The system based on V/F converter and 32 bit counters are set on a VME /modi®ed VME bus. The system was capable of measuring the high ramp rate harmonics which was a vital issue especially for the construction of SSC High Energy Booster. System description and the implementation techniques for high ramp...

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2278, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2012, pp. 1–12. DOI: 10.3141/2278-01 Z. Z. Tian, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, MS 0258, Reno, NV 89557. N. Wu, Institute for Traffic Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, G...

PURPOSE To examine the reliability of a perceptually-regulated maximal exercise test (PRETmax) to measure peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) during handcycle exercise and to compare peak responses to those derived from a ramp-incremented protocol (RAMP). METHODS Twenty recreationally active individuals (14 male, 6 female) completed four trials across a 2-week period, using a randomised,...

This research focusses on the facies distribution, paleoenvironment and paleoecology of the foraminifera of the Guri Member in the northern Bandar Abbas Hinterland located in the Roydar area of southern Iran. The Guri Member is 570 meters thick and composed of limestone, argillaceous limestone and marl. The distribution of the foraminifera in the study area indicates the existence of three bioz...

The level of an animal's stress resistance is set by multiple intrinsic physiological and extrinsic environmental parameters. Body size is a critical intrinsic parameter that affects numerous fitness-related organismal traits including fecundity, survival, mating success, and stress resistance. The rate of cooling is a critical extrinsic environmental factor that can affect thermal stress resis...

This paper proposes a Logic-Based Traffic Flow Control algorithm (LB-TFC) for integrated control of Ramp Metering (RM) installations and Variable Speed Limits (VSLs) in order to reduce traffic jams created at bottlenecks. LB-TFC estimates, each time step, the number vehicles that should be held back or released by measures (i.e. VSLs RM rates) avoid capacity drop (maximizing outflow bottleneck)...

AFM-based dynamic single-molecule force spectroscopy was used to stretch carboxymethylated amylose (CMA) polymers, which have been covalently tethered between a silanized glass substrate and a silanized AFM tip via acid-catalyzed ester condensation at pH 2.0. Rupture forces were measured as a function of temperature and force loading rate in the force-ramp mode. The data exhibit significant sta...