David Chalmers' two-dimensionalism is an ambitious philosophical program that aims to ground or construct Fregean meanings and restore “the golden triangle” of apriority, necessity, meaning Kripke seemingly broke. This paper examine critically what theory can in reality achieve. It argued the faces severe challenges. There are some gaps overall arguments, reasoning places somewhat circular. eff...

In cases in which many causes together bring about an effect, it is common to select some as particularly important. Philosophers since Mill have been pessimistic analyzing this reasoning because of its variability and the multifarious causal pragmatic details how works. I argue was right think these matter but wrong that they preclude philosophical analysis selection. show scientific debates i...

The aim of this chapter is two-fold: first, to explore the relationship between abduction and induction from a philosophical point of view; and second, to examine critically some recent attempts to provide computational models of abduction. Induction is typically conceived as the mode of reasoning which produces generalisations over domains of individuals based on samples. Abduction, on the oth...

This paper is about the philosophical and methodological foundation of arti cial intelligence (AI). After discussing what is a good \working de nition", \intelligence" is de ned as \the ability for an information processing system to adapt to its environment with insu cient knowledge and resources". Applying the de nition to a reasoning system, we get the major components of Non-Axiomatic Reaso...

The study of Temporal Representation and Reasoning is a core area of research in Linguistics, Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence. However, very little work has been done in analysing the principles common to these three areas. This paper attempts to investigate major issues and approaches studied in these disciplines. In this attempt, we discovered the Philosophical origin of Allen’s Interv...

With the “mathematical watershed”, Logic had been transformed into a foundational theory for mathematics, a theory of truth and proofs far away from its philosophical status of theory of the intellectual process of reasoning. With the recent substitution of the traditional proofs-as-discourses paradigm by the proofsas-programs one, Logic is now becomming a foundational theory for computing. One...

The aim of the book is to give a non-technical introduction to statistical learning theory at undergraduate level. Statistical learning theory is concerned with the reliability of rules for classifying a new case—e.g., diagnosing a disease in a new patient—on the basis of other features of the case and a large stock of past cases and their features and classifications. The book is based on a co...

The role of time in artificial intelligence is extremely important. Interval-based temporal reasoning can be seen as a generalization of the classical point-based one, and the first results in this field date back to Hamblin (1972) and Benhtem (1991) from the philosophical point of view, to Allen (1983) from the algebraic and first-order one, and to Halpern and Shoham (1991) from the modal logi...

While type causality helps us to understand general relationships such as the etiology of a disease (smoking causing lung cancer), token causality aims to explain causal connections in specific instantiated events, such as the diagnosis of a patient (Ravi’s developing lung cancer after a 20-year smoking habit). Understanding why something happened, as in these examples, is central to reasoning ...

) In Logic across the University: Foundations and Application–Proceedings of the Tsinghua Logic Conference, Beijing, ed. J. van Benthem and F. Liu, 47–54. Volume 47: Studies in Logic. London: College Publications. Levi, Isaac. 1967. Gambling with Truth: An Essay on Induction and the Aims of Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.———. 1980. The Enterprise of Knowledge: An Essay on Knowledge, Cred...