The response of choked nozzles and supersonic diffusers to one-dimensional flow perturbations is investigated. Following previous arguments in the literature, small flow perturbations in a duct of spatially linear steady velocity distribution are determined by solution of a hyper-geometric differential equation. A set of boundary conditions is then developed that extends the existing work to a ...

SUMMARY Temperature measurements, using the SLR method, are presented for the expansion of nitrogen in nozzles attached to a shock-tube. The measurements were made at an area ratio of 8.5 in a two-dimensional nozzle and at an area ratio of 152 in a conical nozzle. Initial conditions were such that at the entrance to the nozzles the temperature ranged between about 2500 K and 5300 K and the pres...

Variable rate spraying technology can improve the pesticide utilization ratio, reduce the waste of pesticide, and canopy volume was a very important variable rate reference in orchard spraying, so a variable rate spraying system based on canopy volume measurement was presented and developed. The system was mainly made up of PC, ultrasonic sensor, single chip, flow control mechanism and nozzles....

Interaction between the normal shock wave and the turbulent boundary layer in a supersonic nozzle becomes complex with an increase of a Mach number just before the shock wave. When the shock wave is strong enough to separate the boundary layer, the shock wave is bifurcated, and the 2nd and 3rd shock waves are formed downstream of the shock wave. The effect of a series of shock waves thus formed...

The primary and secondary cooling systems of French pressurized water reactor contain many welded components with complex geometry : elbows, welding without smooth profile, nozzles. In service inspections of such components performed with conventional ultrasonic (US) contact transducers present limited performances. First, variations in sensitivity, due to unmatched contact on depressions or ir...

In many EU countries, spray applications should comply with increasingly stringent requirements regarding the drift reduction class of nozzles. Many farmers fear that use drift-reducing nozzles producing coarse droplet spectra may compromise performance contact herbicides on small weed targets. This study examined effects various ISO 03 flat-fan (pre-orifice and single dual air induction nozzle...

Processes utilizing various spraying cooling are widely used in many gas treatment applications. Effective spray cooling system design optimization often depends on the approach used to investigate such gas cooling problems. The mass transfer efficiency of spray cooling problems depends on the ability of the liquid to atomize and disperse into the gas by interacting in a controlled manner. Expe...

We establish existence, uniqueness and stability of transonic shocks for steady compressible non-isentropic potential flow system in a multidimensional divergent nozzle with an arbitrary smooth cross-section, for a prescribed exit pressure. The proof is based on solving a free boundary problem for a system of partial differential equations consisting of an elliptic equation and a transport equa...

The introduction of the Drift Reduction Technology (DRT) guidelines by the United States Environmental Protection Agency has established testing protocols for nozzles, agrochemicals, application parameters, and combinations thereof, for applying agrochemicals in by certified individuals in the U.S. The Pesticide Application and Technology Laboratory in North Platte, Nebraska, USA sought to deve...