This study investigated students' allocation of responding as a function of task difficulty and type of reinforcement contingency (i.e., accuracy based or time based). Four regular education fourth-grade students were presented with two identical stacks of easy and then difficult math worksheets using a reversal design. Regardless of condition, completing problems from each stack of worksheets ...

The article analyzes the practice of interpreting term «contingency», which is used by legislatorin constructions articles 105, 131 and 132 Criminal Code Russian Federation. It notedthat there no legal definition this concept, law enforcement has not developed common approaches.Possible variants understanding in compositions rape violent acts a sexual natureare being explored. proved that for p...

Analysis and interpretation of behavior-environment relations are increasingly being conducted with data that have been derived descriptively. This paper provides an overview of the logic that underlies a sequential analytic approach to the analysis of descriptive data. Several methods for quantifying sequential relations are reviewed along with their strengths and weaknesses. Data from descrip...

Evaluative conditioning (EC) is a change in the valence of a stimulus that results from pairing the stimulus with an affective stimulus. Two high-powered studies (total N = 1161) investigated the nature of the relationship between EC and contingency awareness measured as contingency memory. Stronger EC occurred among people with more accurate and more confident memory of the pairings. Awareness...

OBJECTIVE The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is used increasingly to describe and classify functioning in medicine without being a psychometrically sound measure. All categories of the ICF are quantified using the same generic 0-4 scale. The objective of this study was to assess observer agreement when describing and classifying functioning with the ICF...

This paper focuses on the issue of unforeseen or indescribable contingencies, wherein people are unable to foresee, or describe ex-ante some future possibilities that are relevant for them. I build a principal-agent model wherein the agent expends nonmonitorable effort and incurs fixed (hold-up) costs. Within the context of this model, I examine unforeseen contingencies that: (i) increase the f...

How are humans' subjective judgments of contingencies related to objective contingencies? Work in social psychology and human contingency learning predicts that the greater the frequency of desired outcomes, the greater people's judgments of contingency will be. Second, the learned helplessness theory of depression provides both a strong and a weak prediction concerning the linkage between subj...

Purpose Contingency estimating and management are critical management functions necessary for successful delivery of construction projects. Considering its importance, academics and industry professionals proposed a wide range of methods for risk quantification and accordingly for contingency estimating1. Considerably less work was directed to contingency management including risk mitigate duri...