Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are cytosolic sensors for microbial molecules. Νucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)1 and NOD2 recognize the peptidoglycan derivatives, meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP) and muramyl dipeptide (MDP), respectively, and trigger host innate immune responses. In the present study, we examined the function of NOD1 a...

NOD1 and NOD2, two members of the intracellular NOD-like receptor family, sense bacterial peptidoglycan-derived fragments and induce pro-inflammatory responses. Recent work provides evidence for a role for NOD1/NOD2 signaling in mediating ER-stress-induced inflammatory responses via a peptidoglycan-independent mechanism.

The intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes intestinal inflammation characterized by edema, neutrophil influx and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. A major bacterial factor inducing pro-inflammatory host responses is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). S. Typhimurium ΔmsbB possesses a modified lipid A, has reduced virulence in mice, and is being considered as a...

It was previously reported that the hypernodulating soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) mutants, derived from the cultivar Williams, had higher root concentration of isoflavonoid compounds (daidzein, genistein, and coumestrol) than did Williams at 9 to 12 days after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. These compounds are known inducers of nod genes in B. japonicum and may be involved in sub...

The innate immune system is responsible for the initial response of an organism to potentially harmful stressors, pathogens or tissue injury, and accordingly plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory processes, including some cardiovascular diseases. Toll like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) are pattern recognition recep...

Abstract Interactions between pattern-recognition receptors shape innate immune responses to pathogens. NOD1 and TLR4 are synergistically interacting playing a pivotal role in the recognition of Gram-negative bacteria. However, mechanisms their cooperation poorly understood. It is unclear whether synergy produced at level signaling pathways downstream or more distal levels such as gene transcri...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are known to trigger an innate immune response against microbial infection. Although studies suggest that activation of TLRs modulate the function of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), little is known about the role of NLRs on the MSC function. In this study, we investigated whether NOD1 and NOD2 regulate the functions of human umbilical cord...

Neisseria gonorrhoeae gonococcus (GC) is a Gram-negative betaproteobacterium and causative agent of the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea. During growth, GC releases lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and peptidoglycan (PG) fragments, which contribute significantly to the inflammatory damage observed during human infection. In ascending infection of human Fallopian tubes, inflammation leads to in...

The nucleotide-oligomerization domain (NOD) is an important molecule involved in host defense against bacterial infection. To study the role of NODs in the host response to Mycobacterium leprae, we measured the mRNA levels of NODs and related genes in infected mouse tissues. The mRNA expression of NOD1, NOD2, caspase-1 and ASC was increased in mouse footpads. Whereas NOD2 expression in macropha...

Periodontitis is a common disease that is characterized by resorption of the alveolar bone and mediated by commensal bacteria that trigger host immune responses and bone destruction through unidentified mechanisms. We report that Nod1, an innate intracellular host receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan-related molecules, is critical for commensal-induced periodontitis in a mouse model. Mice lacki...