One big obstacle to understanding the nature of hierarchical task net work htn planning has been the lack of a clear theoretical framework In particular no one has yet presented a clear and concise htn algorithm that is sound and complete In this paper we present a formal syntax and se mantics for htn planning Based on this syntax and semantics we are able to de ne an algorithm for htn planning...

One big obstacle to understanding the nature of hierarchical task network (htn) planning has been the lack of a clear theoretical framework. In particular, no one has yet presented a clear and concise htn algorithm that is sound and complete. In this paper, we present a formal syntax and semantics for htn planning. Based on this syntax and semantics, we are able to deene an algorithm for htn pl...

Abstract This study was intended to compare collaborative and individual task planning effects on Iranian EFL learners’ writing performance. Therefore, a group of 90 upper intermediate EFL learners were placed in three groups of Collaborative Task planning, Individual Task planning, and Control. In the experimental groups, participants were asked to do task planning collaboratively and individu...

Abstract This study was intended to compare collaborative and individual task planning effects on Iranian EFL learners’ writing performance. Therefore, a group of 90 upper intermediate EFL learners were placed in three groups of Collaborative Task planning, Individual Task planning, and Control. In the experimental groups, participants were asked to do task planning collaboratively and individu...

This study set out to explore the impact of three levels of task planning on the accuracy of task-based oral performance with narrative task types among sixty Iranian sophomores majoring in Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) at Islamic Azad University – Tabriz Branch. It was hypothesized that simultaneous pre-task/on-line planning would lead to more accurate performance. To test the ...

This article is a first step in the direction of extending possibilistic planning to account for incomplete and imprecise knowledge of the world state. Fundamental definitions are given and the possibilistic planning problem is recast in this new setting. Finally, it is shown that, under certain conditions, possibilistic planning with imprecise and incomplete state descriptions is no harder tha...

Recent research in planning is more and more focusing on planning systems working in \real world" domains. These systems need to act in, sense and represent the real world. Furthermore, no action, even if apparently simple, is guaranteed to succeed and, therefore, no planning can be \sound" (with respect to the real world) without taking into account possible failures. This is mainly due to the...

Transportation planning research has been fundamentally transformed by the advancement of spatial cyberinfrastructure (CI) and other planning information technologies. This is no better exemplified than by the evolution of online transit trip planning systems. This paper describes the progression of online transit trip planning systems as a result of innovations in cyberinfrastructure, from the...

This paper will examine the current scope and focus of capacity planning and propose an innovative methodology to evaluate, predict and plan for the all-inclusive Digital Infrastructure. It is no longer sufficient to utilize yesterday’s outmoded approach when planning for tomorrow’s applications, systems and facilities infrastructures. We need to revolutionize the practice of capacity planning....

ION SWITCH Planning Done ? Resources Alloc ? NO YES NO YES NO YES PLANNER