calcium, through its various channels involves in local, spinal and supra-spinal transmission of pain. in the present study, we investigated the separate and combined treatment effects of verapamil (a calcium channel blocker), morphine (an opioid agonist) and naloxone (an opioid antagonist) on pain in the orofacial region of rats. orofacial pain was induced by subcutaneous (sc) injection of for...

background tea (camellia sinensis) has been utilised, since time immemorial, as a beverage possessing encouraging health benefits. little scientific evidence exists in literature on the effect of this plant on pain. objectives to investigate the antinociceptive activity of iranian green tea extract. materials and methods the hydroalcoholic extract was administered to male wistar rats. formalin ...

Objective: Berberis vulgaris has antioxidant, hepato--renal protective, antibacterial, lipid lowering, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. The genus Berberis, has another member called Berberisintegerrima which has not been studied for antinociceptive activity and therefore, this study was aimed to examine the antinociceptive effect oftotal extract and alkaloid fractions of Berber...

introduction: it is known that acute and chronic stress induce hormonal and neuronal changes which affecting both pain threshold and nociceptive behaviours. orexin plays an important role in modulation of pain and stress. considering pain modulation during stress and the role of orexin in pain and stress, orexin might be involved in pain modulation during stress.we evaluated the involvement of ...

This study investigates the effectiveness of the antinociceptive effects of diclofenac, an NSAID, on the nociceptive behavior of morphine-treated rats on formalin test. Rats were treated with morphine-containing drinking water for twenty one days, which induced morphine dependence. The antinociceptive effects of 8, 16, and 32 mg/kg doses of diclofenac were then evaluated and compared with disti...

Plantar incision in rat generates spontaneous pain behaviour. The opioid drug, morphine used to treat postsurgical pain produces tolerance after long-term administration. Loperamide, a potent mu-opioid agonist, has documented analgesic action in various pain conditions. However, loperamide analgesia and associated tolerance following continuous spinal administration in postsurgical pain has not...

Human opiorphin QRFSR-peptide protects enkephalins from degradation by human neutral endopeptidase (hNEP) and aminopeptidase-N (hAP-N) and inhibits pain perception in a behavioral model of mechanical acute pain (1). Here, using two other pain rat models, the tail-flick and the formalin tests, we assess the potency and duration of the antinociceptive action of opiorphin with reference to morphin...

Opioid analgesics are commonly used in chronic pain management despite a potential risk of rewarding. However, it remains unclear whether opioid analgesia would enhance the opioid rewarding effect thereby contributing to opioid rewarding. Utilizing a rat paradigm of conditioned place preference (CPP) combined with ankle monoarthritis as a condition of persistent nociception, we showed that anal...

background: morphine and lidocaine are known to influence the perception of pain. the present study sought to determine the influence of local administration of morphine on lidocaine-induced analgesia in morphine non-dependent (mnd), morphine dependent (md) and morphine withdrawal (mw) animals. methods: adult male wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, mnd, md and mw rats. lidocain...

Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional protein that is found in milk, neutrophils, and other biological fluids, and its receptors have also been identified in the central nervous system. Recently, we found that bovine milk-derived LF (BLF) produced analgesia via μ-opioid receptor-mediated response in the spinal cord. However, the precise mechanism of this analgesic effect remains unclear. In thi...