In the early 1970s, it was already evident that nicotine dependence was the major factor underlying the maintenance of smoking (1); it was also clear that smokers unconsciously regulate their nicotine intake by reducing puff rate when smoking a high-nicotine cigarette and by increasing it to compensate for the drop in yield when smoking a low-nicotine cigarette (2-5). Confirmation of this self-...

In HIV-1, trans-activation of transcription of the viral genome is regulated by an imperfect hairpin, the trans-activating responsive (TAR) RNA element, located at the 5' untranslated end of all viral transcripts. TAR acts as a binding site for viral and cellular proteins. In an attempt to identify RNA ligands that would interfere with the virus life-cycle by interacting with TAR, an in vitro s...

The utilization of biomass can not only alleviate the energy crisis but also reduce pollution fossil fuels to environment. Biomass gasification is one main methods, which effectively convert into high-value and wide-use gas. However, this process inevitably produces by-product tar, affects yield syngas. In order solve problem, a two-stage combining pyrolysis CO2 catalytic reforming proposed in ...

Introduction The unique properties of carbon foam mainly depend on the precursor features and synthesis conditions. For the highly thermal and electrical conductive carbon foam, an anisotropic pitch precursor is required [1, 2]. A lot of factors influence the foaming process, but temperature and pressure are the most critical aspects [3]. The aim of the present investigations is to adjust by ap...

A small-scale induction heated reactor (IHR) was specifically developed to study fast pyrolysis, here investigated as the first step of gasification process, representing some reaction conditions encountered in a fluidized bed reactor. First, thermal response system characterized at transient and steady state, CFD calculations were performed have complete description temperature profiles inside...

Unique, small sequences (sequence tag sites) have been identified at the 3' ends of most human genes that serve as landmarks in genome mapping. We investigated whether a single copy gene could be isolated directly from total human DNA by transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning in yeast using a short, 3' unique target. A TAR cloning vector was constructed that, when linearized, con...

Since plastic wastes are commonly found and accumulate in numerous types forms, the pyrolysis of waste mixtures seems more feasible to be selected for large-scale production. However, process typically produces less liquid than individual pyrolysis. This study proposed a viable approach catalytic by using natural mineral catalysts without modification. Bentonite was as catalyst while HZSM-5 use...

Abs (antibodies) are complex glycoproteins that play a crucial role in protective immunity to malaria, but their effectiveness in mediating resistance can be enhanced by genetically engineered modifications that improve on nature. These Abs also aid investigation of immune mechanisms operating to control the disease and are valuable tools in developing neutralization assays for vaccine design. ...

In this study, olive oil residue (OR) biomass was pyrolyzed in the presence of bulk MgO (B-MgO), nano-MgO (N-MgO), ZnO (B-ZnO)), and nano-ZnO (N- ZnO) metal oxides at different temperatures (400, 600, 800 ºC). Significant results were obtained terms synthesis gas formation CO2 reduction. The efficiency distribution products as a result oxide-based pyrolysis process effects examined detail. Nano...