Research on causal-based categorization has found two competing effects: According to the causal-status hypothesis, people consider causally central features more than less central ones. In contrast, people often focus upon feature patterns that are coherent with the category’s causal model (coherence hypothesis). Following up on the proposal that categorization can be seen as inference to the ...

Adaptive network and exemplar-similarity models were compared on their ability to predict category learning and transfer data. An exemplar-based network (Kruschke, 1990a, 1990b, 1992) that combines key aspects of both modeling approaches was also tested. The exemplar-based network incorporates an exemplar-based category representation in which exemplars become associated to categories through t...

An innovative Kirschner (K-) wire point was developed and compared in fresh pig femora in terms of drilling efficiency and temperature elevation with the trochar and diamond points currently used in clinical practice. The tips of thermal couples were machined to the defined geometry and the temperature measured during drilling. Using the same drill speed (rev/min) and feed rate, the new K-wire ...

Dieser Artikel thematisiert den Entwicklungsprozess von web-basierten Lerneinheiten. Dies geschieht vor dem Hintergrund, dass zu Beginn der Nutzung des WWW im Rahmen von Lehr-/Lernszenarien nur die reine Bereitstellungsund Verteilfunktion von Lernmaterialien im Internet im Vordergrund stand. Mittlerweile hat sich aber das Interesse am WWW auf seine Nutzung als hypermedia-basiertes Informationsu...

In function learning, people learn to predict a continuous outcome from continuous cues. In category learning, people learn to predict a nominal outcome. The present research demonstrates that two complementary forms of cue competition, previously found in category learning, also occur in function learning. One form of cue competition is blocking of learning about a redundant cue (Kamin, 1968)....

In this paper, the constructive nature of comparison processes (both similarity- and difference-oriented judgments) is examined through their effects on visual perception. Previous research has shown that comparison processes enhance the tendency to interpret ambiguous objects in the light of the unambiguous objects with which they are compared (Medin, Goldstone, & Gentner, 1993). In the presen...

An eyetracking study testing D. L. Medin and M. M. Schaffer's (1978) 5-4 category structure was conducted. Over 30 studies have shown that the exemplar-based generalized context model (GCM) usually provides a better quantitative account of 5-4 learning data as compared with the prototype model. However, J. D. Smith and J. P. Minda (2000) argued that the GCM is a psychologically implausible acco...

We determine the phase diagram for dense carbon-oxygen mixtures in white dwarf (WD) star interiors using molecular dynamics simulations involving liquid and solid phases. Our phase diagram agrees well with predictions from Ogata et al. and from Medin and Cumming and gives lower melting temperatures than Segretain et al. Observations of WD crystallization in the globular cluster NGC 6397 by Wing...

Although selective attention allocation has been suggested to be one of the most important processes implemented in the recent computational models of category learning (e.g., Kruschke, 1992), the models’ predictions on attention allocation have been virtually ignored by cognitive modeling researchers. Rather almost all modeling studies had focused solely on the models’ capabilities in reproduc...

Introduction It might not be immediately clear why the topic of comparison warrants a whole chapter in a book on human thinking. Of course, we are often required to make decisions that involve comparing two or more alternatives and assessing their relative value. Which car should I buy? Which job is more suited to my long-term goals? Would I rather have the soup or the salad? But in the grand s...