This paper investigates the ways in which terrorism is linked to education and poverty using data newly culled from Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) documentary sources. The paper presents a statistical analysis of the determinants of participation in terrorist activities by members of the Hamas and PIJ between the late 1980s and May 2002. The resulting evidence suggests that both high...

The present article focuses on the conditions that allow governments to increase property rights protection because they expect enough income from such action. We develop a behavioral explanation, according to which the answer lies in the growth in the importance, size, and wealth of merchant guilds in the medieval era in Western Europe as well as a somewhat surprising effect of volatile price ...

The modern infirmary is the evolutional product of the dialectic interface between medical theories at each time and the outcome of their application in clinical practice. The infirmary as we know it today did not exist during antiquity, but the different precursors of the modern hospital emerged as a result of the interaction between medical theory and practice. During antiquity the Hippocrati...

In reference to the philosophical theology of medieval Islamic theologian Ibn Taymiyya, this essay outlines a parallel between Taymiyyan thought and Alvin Plantinga's thesis 'Reformed Epistemology'. critiquing previous attempt build an account 'Islamic externalism', model offers that can be seen as wholly 'Plantingian'.