Steel production is energy intensive so already has achieved impressive levels of energy efficiency. If the emissions associated with steel must be reduced in line with the requirements of the UK Climate Change Act, demand for new steel must be reduced. The strategies of 'material efficiency' aim to achieve such a reduction, while delivering the same final services. To meet the emissions target...

We would like to arrive at a single coherent pair of credences in X and X. Perhaps we wish to use these to set our own credences; or perhaps we wish to publish them in a report of the WHO as the collective view of expert epidemiologists; or perhaps we wish to use them in a decision-making process to determine how medical research funding should be allocated in 2018. Given their expertise, we wo...

Optical microscopy, total oxygen measurements and slime tests have been conducted to quantify the size distribution and amount of inclusions at various processing steps during basic oxygen furnace (BOF) based steel production at Baosteel. The effects on steel cleanliness of specific operational improvements during steel refining and continuous casting have been investigated. Such improvements t...

The Working Paper series provides a means for circulating preliminary research results by members of, or visitors associated with, the Chinese Economies Research Centre. To facilitate prompt distribution, papers are screened but not formally refereed. ABSTRACT This paper outlines and applies a methodology for testing the hypothesis, put forward by Chinese metallurgical industry officials, that ...

TWIP-cored three-layer steel sheets were newly fabricated by hot rolling of TWIP steel sheet surrounded by low-carbon (LC) or interstitial-free (IF) steel sheets. TWIP/LC or TWIP/IF interfaces were well bonded without pores or voids, while a few pearlites were thinly formed along the interfaces. The strengths and elongation of the TWIP-cored sheets increased as the volume fraction of TWIP-cored...

This article presents the results of a series of experiments performed to assess the dynamic response of circular monolithic steel and steel–polyurea bilayer plates to impulsive loads. A convenient technique to enhance the energy absorption capability of steel plates and to improve their resistance to fracturing in dynamic events, is to spray-cast a layer of polyurea onto the plates. Since poly...

In this paper, we present and discuss the results of our numerical simulation of the dynamic response and failure modes of circular DH-36 steel plates and DH-36 steel–polyurea bilayers, subjected to impulsive loads in reverse ballistic experiments. In our previous article, we reported the procedure and results of these experiments [MR Amini, JB Isaacs, S Nemat-Nasser. Experimental investigation...

An injective map from the vertex set of a graph G—its order may not be finite—to the set of all natural numbers is called an arithmetic (a geometric) labeling of G if the map from the edge set which assigns to each edge the sum (product) of the numbers assigned to its ends by the former map, is injective and the range of the latter map forms an arithmetic (a geometric) progression. A graph is c...