Patent data have long been used as an indicator of the output of innovative processes. While simple patent counts are publicly available and easily obtained, the private and social value of innovations protected by patents varies widely, making patent counts too noisy an indicator of innovative output in many cases. In finding good measures of the value of patents, it is essential to observe th...

Introduction: More and more patients are using the Internet to achieve information these days. Most patients (85%) use search engines to look for information about health. The quality of this information that patients encounter is highly different. This study aimed to assess the quality of information that an ear, nose, and throat patient would encounter when searching for information abo...

I. History of Chinese Patent Law ......................................................... 67 A. Enactment of Patent Law ............................................................................ 67 B. Subsequent Changes to China’s Patent Law: First Amendment to Patent Law (1992). .................................................................................................. 67 C. Second A...

What makes an e-commerce company successful? In 2011 24% of venture capital in the US went into Internet companies adding up to a total of $6.9 billion (PwC & NVCA, 2011), with such high stakes the question of e-commerce success is more topical than ever. Google, one of the biggest ecommerce companies in the world, despite huge successful products like Google Search, has also seen failures. In ...

Nanotechnology patent applications published during 1991-2008 have been examined using the "title-abstract" keyword search on esp@cenet "worldwide" database. The longitudinal evolution of the number of patent applications, their topics, and their respective patent families have been evaluated for 15 national patent offices covering 98% of the total global activity. The patent offices of the Uni...

Patent management is increasingly important for organizations to sustain their competitive advantage. The classification of patents is essential for patent management and industrial analysis. In this study, we propose a novel patent network-based classification method to analyze query patents and predict their classes. The proposed patent network, which contains various types of nodes that repr...

J. J. Hopfield, “Neural Networks and Physical Systems with Emergent Collective Computational Abilities,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA, vol. 79, pp. 2254-2258, Apr. 1982. R. J. McEliece, et al., “The Capacity of the Hopfield Associative Memory,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. T-33, pp. 461-482, 1987. B. L. Montgomery et al., “Evaluation of the use of Hopfield Neural Network Model as...

I. TRIPS A. Patentability B. Patent Rights 1. Exclusive Rights—Article 28 2. Exceptions to Patent Rights a. Article 30—A “Limited Exception” to Patent Rights b. Article 31—“Other Use” C. Patent “Plus” Protection: Test Data II. TRIPS-PLUS A. Patentability B. Patent Rights 1. Limited Compulsory Licensing During Patent Term 2. Limits on Parallel Imports C. Tension within TRIPS-Plus Agreements and ...

this study tries to provide a virtual image of the structure and design of facenama, cloob, facebook and google+ social networks. the main question in this study is which variable or variables are differ in the structure and design of social networks of iranian and non-iranian. content analysis has been used in this study. content analysis is a research method to describe the objective, systema...