Ovotesticular disorder of sexual development (DSD), formerly known as true hermaphroditism, is a rare form of DSD in which both testicular and ovarian tissues are present in the same individual either in a single gonad (ovotestis) or in opposite gonads with a testis and an ovary on each side. The diagnosis of ovotesticular DSD is based solely on the presence of ovarian and testicular tissue in ...

The mammalian gonad is adapted for the production of germ cells and is an endocrine gland that controls sexual maturation and fertility. Gonadal sex reversal, namely, the development of ovaries in an XY individual or testes in an XX, has fascinated biologists for decades. The phenomenon suggests the existence of genetic suppressors of the male and female developmental pathways and molecular gen...

shirbot ( barbus grypus ) is one of the species in south and southwest of iran which is greatly favorable to residents of the region. unfavorable ecological conditions in habitat of this species and overfishing have led to the reduction of the population of shirbot. therefore, to restore the natural stock of this species, identifying its reproductive cycle associated with its habitat is of a gr...

To time reproduction optimally, birds have evolved diverse mechanisms by which they respond to environmental changes that help them anticipate and prepare for the breeding season. While residents initiate reproductive preparation and breed in the same geographic location, migrant birds simultaneously prepare for breeding and migration far from their breeding grounds. As a result, it is hypothes...

One of the most fundamental influences on our lives is our sex. Whether we are born as male or female has an enormous impact on our behaviour, reproductive options and disease susceptibility. Consequently, if the sex of a baby is not clear it can create many intractable issues, particularly in terms of medical management. Disorders of Sex Development (DSDs) are congenital conditions in which de...

During development, complex organs are formed from individual cells and simple tissues. Organogenesis is characterized by many cellular behaviors, including cell migration, modification of cell contacts, changes in cell shape, cell proliferation and cell death. Extensive communication between cells ensures that different cell types act together in a coordinated manner to form a properly pattern...

background: gonad shielding has been recommended during pelvic x-rays since the 1950s. the popular method of gonad shielding is placement a lead shield in the midline of the pelvis. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and utility of gonad shielding in pediatrics undergoing pelvic x-rays.materials and methodsfollowing study approval, we retrospectively retrieved data from the di...