Abstract Crossovers in meiosis have an important role sexual reproduction ensuring the segregation of chromosomes and shuffling genetic material. Despite their profound importance, little is known about heritability repeatability crossover rate wild. We studied variation outbred nine- (Pungitius pungitius) three-spined (Gasterosteus aculeatus) stickleback populations to estimate its (h2) (R). B...

A total of 205 COI sequences and 310 cyt b the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from basins all seas throughout vast range this species were analyzed. Median networks haplotypes constructed in study, combined with results reconstruction paleogeographic conditions, led to conclusion that emerged as a Pacific Ocean basin spread Europe south, populating system water bodies existed O...