Trace fossils of insect feeding have contributed substantially to our understanding of the evolution of insect-plant interactions. The most complex phenotypes of herbivory are galls, whose diagnostic morphologies often allow the identification of the gall inducer. Although fossil insect-induced galls over 300Myr old are known, most are two-dimensional impressions lacking adequate morphological ...

Two new species, Exobasidium rhododendri-nivalis on Rhododendron nivale and E. pyroloides on Gaultheria pyroloides, are reported. They were collected from Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces. Exobasidium rhododendri-nivalis causes small galls on leaves, stems and shoots, while E. pyroloides causes red leaf spots. Exobasidium cylindrosporum on Rhododendron sp., collected from Jiangxi Province, is repor...

In colonies of social insects, non-random spatial positioning within the colonies may reflect division of labour and improve colony efficiency. Here, we describe a novel defence system in the colony of a gall-forming social aphid, Quadrartus yoshinomiyai (Nipponaphidini), where young and old defensive aphids move towards the dangerous area typically associated with a higher risk of predation, w...

The gall wasp genus Eschatocerus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Eschatocerini), a cynipid genus of gall inducers on Prosopis and Acacia species (Fabaceae), endemic to southern South America, is revised. Complete descriptions of the external morphology of the genus and its three known species, illustrated with scanning electron photographs, are given for the first time, and an updated key for the iden...

Excised tomato roots were examined histologically for interactions of the fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus and Meloidogyne incognita race 1. Root galling and giant-cell formation were absent in tomato roots inoculated with nematode eggs infected with P. lilacinus. Few to no galls and no giant-cell formation were found in roots dipped in a spore suspension of P. lilacinus and inoculated with M. inc...

chipped stones, like many other archaeological artifacts, change in their original context. one of the most important changes is breakage. although it is clear that chipped stones which are gathered by archaeologists might have been broken, there have been few discussions made on the estimating the original number of chipped stones before breaking. in this article we have introduced different m...

the organization of gall on the ovary ofsesamum indicum l induced by the gall midge, asphondylia sesami felt, not only affects biochemical equilibrium of the host but also causes disturbed vegetative growth and reduced seed-setting. the toxicity created by the gall maker induces the re-orientation of vasculature cecidogenetic stimuli lead to excessive hypertrophy and hyperplasy forming the gall...