A family of frequency synthesizers is described. Each member of the family generates one of many equally-spaced frequencies by utilizing identical modules, the number of which is related to the number of possible frequencies. For any design in the family which uses frequency division in the modules, there exists a dual design which utilizes frequency multiplication. Block diagrams and formulas ...

T his series of articles continues with an analysis of PLL synthesizer design trade-offs. The simple single-loop PLL synthesizer approach exhibits various limitations and trade-offs. Thus, achieving a good performance combination (e.g., small step size and low phase noise) usually requires more sophisticated solutions. The common design trade-offs as well as various methods to improve synthesiz...

— Several methods have been proposed to evaluate theoretically and experimentally the performance of optically amplified direct-detection orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. In this paper, we review those methods, and highlight their main advantages and disadvantages.

Consider the link bandwidth allocation for transport of correlated traac on a single link with nite buuer capacity under a maximum allowable delay constraint d max. In our measurement architecture, traac is decomposed into three frequency regions: low-frequency (LF) traac in 0 < j!j ! L , high-frequency (HF) traac in j!j ! H and mid-frequency (MF) traac in ! L < j!j < ! H. The zero-frequency co...

A novel Gysel power divider based on patch type structure is presented in this paper. The proposed power divider possesses broad bandwidth, small physical occupation and arbitrary power division. More than 30% bandwidth enhancement is achieved based on the −15 dB input return loss criteria, while 55% size reduction is realized compared with conventional Gysel power divider. What’s more, flat di...

Floating-point division is generally regarded as a low frequency, high latency operation in typical floating-point applications.So due to this not much development had taken place in this field. But nowadays floating point divider has become indispensable and increasingly important in many modern applications. Most of the previous implementation required much larger area and latencies. In this ...

We consider the class of linear precoded (LP) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. We first show that single-carrier zero-padded transmissions, termed ZP-only, can be viewed as a special case of LP-OFDM. By resorting to the pair-wise error probability analysis, we establish the optimality of ZP-only among the LP-OFDM class in terms of its performance in random frequency-se...