The regulatory schemes currently used for reliability improvement have weaknesses in the provision of quality services based on the customers’ perspective. These schemes consider the average of the service as a criterion to incentivize or penalize the distribution system operators (DSOs). On the other hand, most DSOs do not differentiate electricity services at the customer level, due to the st...

Over the years of the emergence of peer-to-peer systems a phenomenon named ‘Free Riding’ has affected its performance and become a serious threat to be resolved. Free riding phenomenon was first felt in the study of Gnutella. As the number of free riders increases, the performance of the overall system decreases as free riders use resources without giving anything to the system. To solve the pr...

We show that the free-riding problem in short-lived teams is not as severe as previously thought. Two critical conditions are: team members can observe each other’s effort periodically, which makes mutual monitoring possible; technology is convex (increasing marginal returns) or has a “completion benefit.” In principal-agent settings, mutual monitoring reduces the necessary wage payment to indu...

Multiple principals want to obtain income from a privately informed agent and design their contracts non-cooperatively. The degree of coordination between principals shapes the contracts and affects the amount of monitoring. Equity-like contracts and excessive monitoring emerge when principals coordinate or verify each others’ monitoring efforts. When this is not possible, free riding weakens m...

Low temperature plasma assisted nit riding treatments of 316 stainless steel produce a complex layer constituted by tow different metastable f.c.c. solid solution denoted ( γ N1 and γ N2 ). About the formation of these double layers, different hypothesis was proposed in the literature. For verifying these hypotheses, the effects of differentes conditions such as nit riding temperature, cleaning...