OBJECTIVE To determine changes in the nutritional content of children's menu items at U.S. restaurant chains between 2010 and 2014. METHODS The sample consisted of 13 sit down and 16 fast-food restaurant chains ranked within the top 50 US chains in 2009. Nutritional information was accessed in June-July 2010 and 2014. Descriptive statistics were calculated for nutrient content of main dishes ...

the methods, the technology, the production patterns, the equipment, the capacity of the domestic infrastructure of each country, the mechanism of market capacity, market chains, releasing and distribution channels of agricultural and food product, purchasing patterns, and food consuming of consumers affect on the wastes of food products. regardless of the level of economic and social developme...

The ‘wellness’ phenomenon is now apparent throughout the world and is associated, inter alia, with: the importance of a balanced diet; recognition of the need for regular exercise; the introduction of workplace fitness programs; and the introduction of new (and alternative) approaches to the treatment of medical ailments. What has gone seemingly unnoticed, however, have been the quite profound ...

A model representing the bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in arctic terrestrial mammalian food-chains is developed, parametrized, tested, and analyzed. The model predicts concentrations of POPs in lichen, caribou (Rangifer tarandus), and wolf (Canis lupus) food-chains of Canada's central and western arctic region from measured concentrations in air and snowpack meltwater....

Factors constraining the structure of food webs can be investigated by comparing classes of ecosystems. We find that pelagic ecosystems, those based on one-celled primary producers, have longer food chains than terrestrial ecosystems. Yet pelagic ecosystems have lower primary productivity, contrary to the hypothesis that greater energy flows permit higher trophic levels. We hypothesize that lon...

Recently revisited, the concept of niche ecology has lead to the formalisation of functional and trophic niches using stable isotope ratios. Isotopic diversity indices (IDI) derived from a set of measures assessing the dispersion/distribution of points in the δ-space were recently suggested and increasingly used in the literature. However, three main critics emerge from the use of these IDI: 1)...