We present familiar principles involving objects and classes (of objects), pairing (on objects), choice (selecting elements from classes), positive classes (elements of an ultrafilter), and definable classes (definable using the preceding notions). We also postulate the existence of a divine object in the formalized sense that it lies in every definable positive class. ZFC (even extended with c...

The purpose of this literature review was to identify and describe recent empirical studies of childbirth education outcomes and to identify areas for further study. The search produced 63 studies; only 12 met the inclusion criteria. The literature demonstrated inconclusive evidence regarding the effectiveness of childbirth education. None of the studies used a theoretical framework that propos...

Formal methods for software development are becoming increasingly necessary as softwarebecomes an important part of everyday life. To handle the complexities inherent in large-scale software systems these methods need to be combined with a sound developmentmethodology which supports modularity and reusability. Object orientation, based on theconcept that systems are composed of ...

Recommended Citation Malata, A. M. (2004). The development and evaluation of a childbirth education program for Malawian women. Retrieved from

Software is often constructed as a stack of layers where a sublayer extends its superlayer. Such extension of layers requires extension of mutually recursive classes that form a layer. Furthermore, a class within a layer often inherits from another class within the same layer, and this inheritance relation is preserved in the sublayer. Supporting these features in a type-safe object-oriented la...

On the one hand, traits are a powerful way of structuring classes. Traits support the reuse of method collections over several classes. However, traits cannot be used when specifying unanticipated changes to an application. On the other hand, classboxes are a new module system that supports the local redefinition of classes: a collection of classes can be locally extended with variables and/or ...

Atomically introducing changes to a group of classes is a challenging task. In addition, certain applications require that changes be applied dynamically without shutting down and restarting the application. In this paper we present an extension of classboxes to make them dynamic. A classbox is a kind of module that supports class extension and instance variable addition. Class extensions and d...

The theorem of Huet and Lévy stating that for orthogonal rewrite systems (i) everyreducible term contains a needed redex and (ii) repeated contraction of neededredexes results in a normal form if the term under consideration has a normal form,forms the basis of all results on optimal normalizing strategies for orthogonal rewritesystems. However, needed redexes are not computable...

urban population is growing rapidly and also its requirements are growing fast. this problem needs further attention on sustainability urban landscape. citizen’s participation and gradual cultural change considered among the best methods for developing and conserving the urban landscape. the aim of this study was to assess the impact of extension and education classes of plant clinics on sustai...