The conversion of biomass into biofuels can increase fuel flexibility and reduce the related strategic vulnerability of petroleum based transportation fuel systems. Bioethanol has received considerable attention over the last years as a fuel extender or even neat liquid fuel. Lignocellulosic materials are very attractive substrates for the production of bioethanol because of their low cost and ...

Fuel vapour composition and flammability properties of E85 A series of experiments have been conducted to study the flammability characteristics and determine the flammable temperature range of E85 fuel vapours. E85 is a mixture of ethanol and petrol the composition varies depending on time of the year. According to the Swedish standard, SS 155480:2006, the ethanol content may not be below 70 %...

Ethanol and methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) were close substitutes in the gasoline additives market until MTBE was banned due to concerns about groundwater contamination, leading to a sudden and dramatic substitution toward ethanol as an alternative oxygenate and octane-booster. We use variation in the timing of MTBE bans across states to identify their effects on gasoline prices. We find th...

Ethanol is an alternative fuel for direct alcohol fuel cells, in which the electrode materials are commonly based on Pt or Pd. Owing to the excellent promotion effect of Ni2 P that was found in methanol oxidation, we extended the catalyst system of Pt or Pd modified by Ni2 P in direct ethanol fuel cells. The Ni2 P-promoted catalysts were compared to commercial catalysts as well as to reference ...

Environmental impacts of energy use can impose large costs on society. We quantify and monetize the life-cycle climate-change and health effects of greenhouse gas (GHG) and fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) emissions from gasoline, corn ethanol, and cellulosic ethanol. For each billion ethanol-equivalent gallons of fuel produced and combusted in the US, the combined climate-change and health co...

Today the important challenge is to reduced energy crises and pollution problems , since the use of fossil fuel is continuously increasing due to growth in industrialization. For economic development of country and living standards. Hence there is need to find and alternative fuels to decrease the consumption of fossil fuel and reduce the emission emitted from fossil fuel which produces hazarda...

Rapid expansion of the fuel ethanol industry has greatly increased availability of distillery byproducts. Distiller’s grains with solubles (DGS) are the predominant byproduct of fermenting grains into fuel ethanol. During this process, starch is removed from the grain and the residual components of the grain are concentrated in the DGS. Improvements in the conversion of cereal grains to ethanol...

High dependence on imported oil has increased U.S. strategic vulnerability and prompted more research in the area of renewable energy production. Ethanol production from renewable woody biomass, which could be a substitute for gasoline, has seen increased interest. This study analysed energy use and greenhouse gas emission impacts on the forest biomass supply chain activities within the State o...

Nanotechnology allows the synthesis of nanoscale catalysts, which offer an efficient alternative for fuel cell applications. In this laboratory experiment, the student selects a cost-effective anode for fuel cells by comparing three different working electrodes. These are commercially available palladium (Pd) and glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, and a carbon paste (CP) electrode that is prepared ...

Mandarin peels were investigated for the removal of copper ions from ethanol fuel. Infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were used for elucidating possible functional groups responsible for the adsorption of Cu(II) from ethanol. The influence of parameters such as the mass of the adsorbent, sample pH, stirring time, and initial copper(II) concentration was investigated using mult...