BACKGROUND In March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq. The subsequent number, rates, and causes of mortality in Iraq resulting from the war remain unclear, despite intense international attention. Understanding mortality estimates from modern warfare, where the majority of casualties are civilian, is of critical importance for public health and protection afforded under international humanit...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of drug use disorders in the European Union and Norway. METHOD Based on a systematic literature search and an expert survey, publications after 1990 on prevalence of drug use disorders (DUD, defined as drug dependence and drug abuse or harmful use) in EU countries and Norway were reviewed. The search included both direct estimations based on general popula...

conclusions due to the high rate of self-immolations in this area, solutions for improvement of life quality and social norms should be reviewed and implemented. results 350 self-immolations resulting in death were reported in this study; these subjects were 16-25 years old, 67.25% female, 63.55% elementary school education, 74.20% married, 69.10% housewife, 61.05% resident of saravan, 93.35% o...

Conventional methods of classifying causes of death suggest that about 70% of the deaths of children (aged 0-4 years) worldwide are due to diarrhoeal illness, acute respiratory infection, malaria, and immunizable diseases. The role of malnutrition in child mortality is not revealed by these conventional methods, despite the long-standing recognition of the synergism between malnutrition and inf...

Twenty years have passed since epidemiological methods were first applied to the study of eating disorders. Interest in this approach has been intense in part related to speculation that anorexia nervosa has become more common. In spite of considerable effort research workers have encountered a variety of methodological problems which have left fundamental questions unanswered. Difficulties suc...

OBJECTIVE To quantify bias related to specific methodological characteristics in child-relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). DESIGN Meta-epidemiological study. DATA SOURCES We identified systematic reviews containing a meta-analysis with 10-40 RCTs that were relevant to child health in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently assesse...

Victor and colleagues recently analyzed rear-end crash and near-crash data from the Strategic Highway Research Program Phase 2 naturalistic driving study. They measured the last off-path glance duration just before a crash, and the closure rate (the change in looming rate during the last glance). They concluded that the predominant cause of rear-end crashes was a “mismatch”– a short glance with...

Background Documents from advocacy and fund-raising organizations for child mass deworming programmes in low- and middle-income countries cite unpublished economic studies claiming long-term effects on health, schooling and economic development. Methods To summarize and appraise these studies, we searched for and included all long-term follow-up studies based on cluster-randomized trials incl...

Epidemiology is the basic science of public health, because it is the science that describes the relationship of health and/or disease with other health-related factors in human populations, such as human pathogens. Furthermore, epidemiology has been used to generate much of the information required by public health professionals to develop, implement, and evaluate effective intervention progra...

1 signalled a very important change. It amended Directive 2001/83/EC on the community code relating to human medicines, and said that Union rules on pharmacovigilance: '... should be based on the crucial role of healthcare professionals in monitoring the safety of medicines, and should take account of the fact that patients are also well placed to report suspected adverse reactions to medical p...