Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is a skeletal disorder which primarily affects enchondral bone during growth. It is characterised by multiple exostoses, usually arising in the juxtaepiphyseal region of the long bones. Exostoses that affect "almost every bone in the body" were first mentioned by John Hunter in his Lectures on the principles of surgery in 1786.1 The first family affected by H...

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a disorder of endochondral ossification characterized by the presence of an avascular, non-mineralized cartilage lesion extending from the growth plate into the metaphysis. Cells within the TD growth plate fail to differentiate to full hypertrophy, and instead appear to maintain a 'pre-hypertrophic' or 'transitional' status. Studies of the expression and distribu...

Hoffa's syndrome involves inflammation of the infrapatellar fat pad secondary to direct trauma or microtrauma. Alternative sources of inflammation of Hoffa's fat pad include synovial processes such as pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) and osteochondromatosis. Recently, a few cases of inflammation of Hoffa's fat pad secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been described. Our c...

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) appears to involve a failure of the growth plate chondrocytes within growing long bones to differentiate fully to the hypertrophic stage, resulting in a mass of prehypertrophic chondrocytes which form the avascular TD lesion. Many biochemical and molecular markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy are absent from the lesion, or show reduced expression, but the cause of the...

Infectious arthritis of which Erysipelas and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae are the most common causes. Septic laminitis bush foot due to bacterial infection. Physical lameness associated with deformed or damaged cartilage (variably termed osteochondrosis, osteochondritis, dyschondroplasia or degenerative joint disease (DJD)) and bony pathology leading to weakness and fracture (osteomalacia). There can...

The mycotoxin fusarochromanone, a metabolite of Fusarium fungi, is able to induce tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in chickens under experimental conditions. On the basis of health surveillance data on TD, two broiler farms with TD prevalence rates of up to 56% were identified. In the corresponding pelleted feed samples, fusarochromanone was detected in all 12 samples analyzed by column purificatio...

Arthroscopic excision of synovial osteochondromatosis of the hip is commonly performed. However, when the lesion extends to the extra-articular space of the hip joint, excision using arthroscopy becomes difficult. Although surgical dislocation of the hip with a trochanteric flip osteotomy is commonly used, manual access to the inferomedial portion of the acetabulum remains difficult. In this ca...

The presence of visceral hemangiomas in the syndrome of multiple enchondromas and subcutaneous hemangiomas, also named Maffucci syndrome, is exceedingly rare; until now noncutaneous hemangiomas have been described in 4 patients: they were found in the tongue in one patient, in the oral cavity in the second patient, in both the oral cavity and the colon in the third patient, and in the spleen in...

Fertile eggs from Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens were incubated to provide low starting egg shell temperatures (EST; 36.9°C to 37.3°C) which were gradually increased to 37.8°C during the first 7 to 15 days of incubation compared with eggs incubated with a constant EST of 37.8°C (standard conditions) over the first 18 days of incubation. Time of individual chick hatching (measured at 6 h interval...

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a prevalent skeletal abnormality associated with rapid growth rate in many avian species; it causes enormous economic losses and is an animal welfare problem. Tibial dyschondroplasia is characterized by the presence of a nonvascularized, nonmineralized lesion that extends from the epiphyseal growth plate into the metaphysis of the proximal tibiotarsal bones. The ...