Mineralized tissue is vital to many characteristic adaptive phenotypes in vertebrates. Three primary tissues, enamel (enameloid), dentin, and bone, are found in the body armor of ancient agnathans and mammalian teeth, suggesting that these two organs are homologous. Mammalian enamel forms on enamel-specific proteins such as amelogenin, whereas dentin and bone form on collagen and many acidic pr...

Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 3 (LTBP-3) is important for craniofacial morphogenesis and hard tissue mineralization, as it is essential for activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). To investigate the role of LTBP-3 in tooth formation we performed micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), histology, and scanning electron microscopy analyses of adult Ltbp3-/- mice....

Slc4a4-null mice are a model of proximal renal tubular acidosis (pRTA). Slc4a4 encodes the electrogenic sodium base transporter NBCe1 that is involved in transcellular base transport and pH regulation during amelogenesis. Patients with mutations in the SLC4A4 gene and Slc4a4-null mice present with dysplastic enamel, amongst other pathologies. Loss of NBCe1 function leads to local abnormalities ...

Developing incisal enamel of the rat has been examined in sections with the electron microscope. Staining the sections with heavy metal and sandwiching them has revealed details hitherto unvisualized because of low contrast and destruction by the electron beam. In particular, it is seen that the cell membrane always lies between the ameloblast and the enamel and therefore that enamel is extrace...

The gradual discovery of functional domains in native enamel matrix proteins has enabled the design of smart bioinspired peptides for tooth enamel mimetics and repair. In this study, we expanded upon the concept of biomineralization to design smaller amelogenin-inspired peptides with conserved functional domains for clinical translation. The synthetic peptides displayed a characteristic nanostr...

Enamel anomalies – amelogenesis imperfecta, 1: 14000, several types with different heredity. Most frequent type is AD with hypomineralisation. Enamel matrix is normaly created, but the mineralisation is insufficient. The enamel is soft,peels off. Teeth are yellowbrown. Open bite is common. Reduction of pulp chamber occurs relatively early, so the reconstruction with crowns could be provided bef...

Defective enamel formation is the defects occurring at the stages of enamel formation. Amelogenesis imperfect (AI) is a hereditary disorder that causes developmental disturbances in the structure of enamel. Quantitative defects in matrix formation leads to hypoplastic form of Amelogenesis imperfecta. Inadequate mineralization of matrix leads to hypocalcification and hypomaturationvariants. It i...

Abstract This study evaluated the chemical composition and microhardness of human enamel treated with an Enamel Matrix Derivative (EMD) solution, bond strength between composite resin this enamel. Thirty samples were randomly divided into three groups: Untouched (UE), Demineralized (DE) Treated EMD (ET). DE ET groups subjected to acid challenge (EMD was directly applied over conditioned left fo...

Claudins are a family of proteins that forms paracellular barriers and pores determining tight junctions (TJ) permeability. Claudin-16 and -19 are pore forming TJ proteins allowing calcium and magnesium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TAL). Loss-of-function mutations in the encoding genes, initially identified to cause Familial Hypomagnesemia with Hypercalciuria and Ne...