in this paper electrical conductivity measurements and optical investigations takes place in aot/ heptane/ (water or aqueous) systems. the water in oil system prepared with adding water in 50% by weight of aot/ heptane solution.  in other systems instead of water, aqueous solutions of 1) zinc acetate and water 2) potassium hydroxide and water were used. in each phase, the trend of the electrica...

water scarcity, its necessity in food production, and environmental protection in the world have forced human beings to seek new water sources. nowadays, application of unconventional water resources (wastewater) has been proposed in countries facing the crisis of water resources shortage; however, a few studies have dealt with this issue. the present study has evaluated the changes in the elem...

     Indirect measurement of soil electrical conductivity (EC) has become a major data source in spatial/temporal monitoring of soil salinity. However, in many cases, the weak correlation between direct and indirect measurement of EC has reduced the accuracy and performance of the predicted maps. The objective of this research was to estimate soil EC based on a general linear model via using se...

Nanofluids are gaining much importance over the past decade due to their enhanced thermal conductivity, specific heat, cooling capacity, electrical conductivities. Novel properties of nanofluids are yet to be explored to the highest potential applications. One of the prominent applications of nanofluids is in thermal conduction. The presence of nanoparticle in a fluid can enhance the thermal co...

Nanofluids are gaining much importance over the past decade due to their enhanced thermal conductivity, specific heat, cooling capacity, electrical conductivities. Novel properties of nanofluids are yet to be explored to the highest potential applications. One of the prominent applications of nanofluids is in thermal conduction. The presence of nanoparticle in a fluid can enhance the thermal co...

Elements of design and a field application of a TDR-based soil moisture and electrical conductivity monitoring system are described with detailed presentation of the time delay units with a resolution of 10 ps. Other issues discussed include the temperature correction of the applied time delay units, battery supply characteristics and the measurement results from one of the installed ground mea...