Underground utilities are important assets that provide basic services for society’s daily life. They generally very complex and remain unnoticed until they fail due to any particular reason. The stakeholders involved in the design, construction, maintenance of utility infrastructure face many problems traditional underground management system, resulting injuries, loss life, disruptions, projec...

a r t i c l e i n f o Accurate information of working locations is vital for efficient resource planning, safety of the construction site and monitoring the weekly progress of earthworks, which is missing in the existing linear scheduling methods. Construction managers have to depend on the subjective decisions for resources allocation and progress monitoring from location aspects. This has cau...

Measurement of soil parameters, such as moisture, density and change, can provide important information for evaluating the stability earthwork structures structural health monitoring. To ensure flood protection dikes, erosion at contact zones different must be avoided. In this work we propose use impedance spectroscopy to measure changes in volume caused by erosion. Erosion leads generally a de...