Risks are involved in every aspect of earthwork projects. This paper specifically discusses the cost risk associated with volume calculation such In design phase, it is not possible to accurately predict quantity per soil type underground site. As a result, there uncertainties excavation that may cause overrun. There need for an innovative method forecast, control, monitor, and manage from phas...

This paper presents a time- and cost-effective elevation determination method for earthwork operations using ready-to-fly imaging drones deep learning technologies. The proposed is named the fast pixel grid/group matching (Fast-PGMED) algorithm. input data are pair of approximate 2:1-scale top-view images, output determined map scanned station. Feature two multiscale images conducted by calcula...