Vasodilation and increased blood flow are characteristic early vascular responses to acute hyperglycemia and tissue hypoxia. In hypoxic tissues these vascular changes are linked to metabolic imbalances associated with impaired oxidation of NADH to NAD+ and the resulting increased ratio of NADH/NAD+. In hyperglycemic tissues these vascular changes also are linked to an increased ratio of NADH/NA...

macular edema following diabetic retinopathy is one of the ocular complications associated with diabetes, and it is the leading cause of visual loss in the active young and middle aged population in developed countries. while all patients with diabetes particularly those with diabetic retinopathy are at increased risk of developing eye complications, early detection and timely intervention may ...

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes associated with irreversible loss of blindness. Various types of DR have been reported like mild non-proliferative retinopathy, moderate non-proliferative retinopathy, severe non-proliferative retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy. A number of signaling mechanisms like nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), cyclo-oxygenase (COX), intracellula...

Introduction: Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is a rare complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that is often misdiagnosed. We report a case of diabetic muscle infarction and discuss diagnostic testing and treatment modalities to avoid complications. Case Report: A 50­year­old male presented with spontaneous left thigh swelling for five days. He had several previous episodes in the contralatera...

Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder with a worldwide prevalence of 8.3% and is the leading cause of visual loss, end-stage renal disease and amputation. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified genetic risk factors for diabetic microvascular complications of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. We summarized the recent findings of GWASs on diabetic microvascula...

Background: Diabetes is an important metabolic disease with myriad manifestations and complications, affecting many people. Cutaneous infections impact numerous diabetic patients. Among different bacterial infections in diabetic patients, the infections caused by mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MOTT) eventuate in complications owing to the paucity of accurate detection...