The ever-increasing demands of war during the Renaissance caused rulers to continuously impose new taxes and exactions. One most unpopular exactions was billeting – obligation provide shelter king’s troops. fact that could be enforced despite widespread hardship discontent has been traditionally interpreted as evidence absolutism. In contrast, opposition tends regarded a form resistance ‘despot...

Today, education plays a significant role in training and preparing the future generation for greener society. A quality system will produce national development, solve humanity's problems, generate human resources that can compete global space. Education is main foundation formation of resources. However, higher Nigeria still far from expectations compared to more developing countries. This ar...

The present study aims to critically review the aspects of war in selected Iraqi novels— Sinan Antoon, Baghdad Eucharist (2017), Corpse Washer (2013) Zauhair Jabouri, Hunter (2014)—that focus on depicting vividly traumatic experiences Iraqi, particularly after US-led invasion Iraq 2003 and how these novels could recur constantly humanist themes traumatized figures, psychological suffering minor...

For nearly 200 years, Western social science has argued that good government, embodied in democracy, originated exclusively Europe and was introduced to the rest of world. This Eurocentric vision profoundly shaped science's approach non-Western World (and pre-modern Europe). Importantly, distinct theories (e.g., Oriental Despotism, Substantivism, etc.) were developed address premodern state-bui...

The question whether and how Kant can introduce a concept of reason which is compatible with his critical claims enlightenment perennial challenge. This implies the problem be supreme touchstone all rights remedies without being affected by Kant’s despotism-reproach ( WA , AA 08: 41). To defend reason, I reflect on astronomy example as introduced in fourth antinomy. With reference to Jean Jacqu...

Mikhail Speransky’s ideas about the importance of reforming state apparatus in era Peter I Russia are analysed article. The ideological and value bases criticism policy – rule law, security life, protection private property, civil rights revealed. Equal recognition citizens is most important idea Speransky. He distinguished two types government despotic one based on laws. From his point view, m...

The article follows up on the series of general theoretical works by Oleg E. Nepomnin (1935-2020) published in previous issues Oriental Courier. [Непомнин, 2019, 2020, 2021a, 2021b]. Nepomnin, a specialist Chinese studies and Orientalism, was one most prominent theorists societies. author adheres to concept “class-state” which formed traditional China determined all spheres society, Qing era. S...

Lacunary perceptions, biased and partial, often anecdotal, and subject to an impression of anarchy, disorder and gigantism, commonly confer a comfortable illegitimacy on attempts to interpret a metropolis like Cairo. The impenetrable crowd, inevitably “clamorous,” ensures a cheap continuity for nostalgia about the mysteries of the Orient and about the romanticism of ruins. Immutable stereotypes...