The hypothesis that reductions in taxes reduce future government spending is often cited as a reason for cutting taxes. Despite its prominence in debates over fiscal policy, however, this view has been subject to little investigation. Because taxes change for many reasons, both legislated and unlegislated, examinations of the relationship between overall measures of taxation and subsequent spen...

This study examines the dynamic relationship between democracy and military in more than 40 developing countries from 1990 to 2017. We investigate interaction institutions using a panel vector autoregressive model impulse response functions as well variance decomposition analyses. show that plays significant role substitution of nonmilitary expenditures for defense expenditures. also positive s...

Others are Bob Becker and Maine Oleason, past and present piesnlentf, ul Student (',*>•-errunent In John Dot ' ' a«,» pro fessoi of |H*|)t|<ai m If ho-. In .loii.ih f'iw.odo'm ,.i»i plofe., sor of accounting, and Than II,o Inn. Vi» Umtr.t-*? indent1 Aj ■'/ greeting (in in wih it* Arthur F lit-1.*tf«-; dried/,r «,/ lh»dtpaftrncut of public --»!• ' J.m.i It Isf,. •«., .idroifua'rati« nnt.u.l to t...

Accrual-based accounting enables external users to make informed decisions by reporting an entity’s management performance them. It also helps managers accurately record resource usage and increase efficiency. Despite the Republic of Korea’s expectations for introduction accrual-based in national from 2011, aimed at achieving efficient comparable private companies, results audit Board Audit Ins...

this paper aims to investigate the effect of budget deficit shock on government spending in indonesia. for this propose, this reasearch uses an alternative error correction model based on loss function of government spending. the model assumes the short run disequilibrium, in which shock variables may play an important role. a spesific loss function model is applied to develop the long run gove...

Off-line e-cash systems are the digital analogue of regular cash. One of the main desirable properties is anonymity: spending a coin should not reveal the identity of the spender and, at the same time, users should not be able to double-spend coins without being detected. Compact e-cash systems make it possible to store a wallet of O(2) coins using O(L+ λ) bits, where λ is the security paramete...

The Bitcoin network of decentralized payment transactions has attracted a lot of attention from both Internet users and researchers in recent years. Bitcoin utilizes a peer-to-peer network to issue anonymous payment transactions between different users. In the currently used Bitcoin clients, the full transaction history is available at each node of the network to prevent double spending without...

Bitcoin’s core innovation is its solution to double-spending, called Nakamoto consensus. This provides a probabilistic guarantee that transactions will not be reversed or redirected, provided that it is improbable for an attacker to obtain a majority of mining power in the network. While this may be true in the traditional sense, this assumption becomes tenuous when miners are assumed to be rat...