This paper contributes to the supply chain contracts literature in economics and operations by performing qualitative sensitivity analysis of a wholesale price contract in a two-echelon supply chain setting. Ordertheory tools are used to derive sufficient conditions for monotonicity of contract parameters. The upstream supplier is modeled as a Stackelberg leader. The supplier is assumed to have...

The current view holds that chronic autoimmune diseases are driven by the continuous activation of autoreactive B and T lymphocytes. However, despite the use of potent immunosuppressive drugs designed to interfere with this activation the production of autoantibodies often persists and contributes to progression of the immunopathology. In the present study, we analyzed the life span of (auto)an...

Abstract A growing number of studies have investigated the viability feeding hemp by-products as livestock feedstuffs; however, their impact on microbiomes remains unexplored. Here, we evaluated effects hempseed cake (HSC) gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive microbiota in beef heifers. Angus-crossbred heifers [19-months old; initial body weight (BW) = 494 ± 10 kg] were fed a corn-ba...

In a market where consumers are not fully informed about the actual production technology or environmental performance of firms that engage in strategic competition, I study the effect of environmental consciousness of consumers on the incentive to invest in cleaner technology. Firms compete in prices and may signal their environmental performance to uninformed consumers through prices. I also ...

Developing Böhm-Bawerk’s (1914) Macht oder ökonomisches Ge-setz, we characterize the different intervention modalities as coercive «fixing» of prices, goods (quantities or modes performing) persons, also with their effects. Given that subjective but real forces underlying market processes respond effects which are opposite to those pursued, «intervener» controller would be induced an in crescen...

In a simple representative consumer model, vaccines and drug treatments yield the same revenue for a pharmaceutical manufacturer, implying that the firm would have the same incentive to develop either ceteris paribus. In a more realistic model with heterogeneous consumers who vary with respect to the probability of contracting the disease, the revenue equivalence between vaccines and treatments...

This paper shows how pessimistic expectations reduce the e¤ectivity of monopolist screening techniques with positive network e¤ects, and demonstrates how divide-and-conquer strategies may solve the consumers’ coordination problem. In the sequential mechanism, di¤erent expectations about future network sizes become relevant in the incentive constraints of di¤erent consumer types. Screening consu...

The ability of a monopoly seller to prevent resale is often presented as a necessary condition for first degree price discrimination. In this paper, we explore this claim and show that, even with costless arbitrage markets, price discrimination may continue to be both feasible and profit maximizing despite potential resale. With finite numbers of consumers, arbitrage markets may be ‘thin’, in t...

Resale price maintenance (RPM), slotting fees, loyalty rebates and other related vertical practices can allow an incumbent manufacturer to transfer pro ts to retailers. If these retailers were to accommodate entry, upstream competition could lead to lower industry pro ts and the breakdown of these pro t transfers. Thus, in equilibrium, retailers can internalize the e ect of accommodating entry ...

We show information technology (in short IT) caused rising monopoly power and rising income and wealth inequality since the 1970's. Our reasoning proceeds in four steps. step 1 examines surplus wealth the difference between firm’s wealth (equity and debt) and capital employed. Surplus wealth rose from -$0.59 Trillion in 1974 to $24 Trillion in 2015 which is 82% of total stock market value, refl...