Abstract. Application of lake models coupled within earth-system prediction models, especially for predictions from days to weeks, requires accurate initialization temperatures. Commonly used methods initialize temperatures include interpolation global sea-surface temperature (SST) analyses inland lakes, daily satellite-based observations, or model-based reanalyses. However, each these have lim...

An intermediate complexity coupled oceanatmosphere-land-ice model, based on the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Flexible Modelling System (FMS), has been developed to study mechanisms of oceanatmosphere interactions and natural climate variability at interannual to interdecadal and longer time scales. The model uses the three-dimensional primitive equations for both ocean and atmos...

In this study, a Bjerknes stability (BJ) index, proposed by Jin et al. (2006), is adopted to assess the overall stability of El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in state-of-the-art coupled models. The twentieth and twenty-first century simulations of 12 coupled models among the coupled model intercomparison project phase 3 models used in the intergovernmental panel on climate change forth a...

Effects of ocean–atmosphere feedback processes and large-scale atmospheric stochastic forcing on the interdecadal climate variability in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans are examined in a simple midlatitude ocean–atmosphere model. In the ocean, the authors consider a linearized perturbation system with quasigeostrophic shallow-water ocean dynamics and a sea surface temperature (SST) ...

Mapping of vegetation in mountain areas based on remote sensing is obstructed by atmospheric and topographic distortions. A variety of atmospheric and topographic correction methods has been proposed to minimize atmospheric and topographic effects and should in principle lead to a better land cover classification. Only a limited number of atmospheric and topographic combinations has been tested...

Themean east–west sea surface temperature gradient along the equator is a key feature of tropical climate. Tightly coupled to the atmospheric Walker circulation and the oceanic east–west thermocline tilt, it effectively defines tropical climate conditions. In the Pacific, its presence permits the El Ni~ no–SouthernOscillation phenomenon. What determines this temperature gradient within the full...

Freshening of high latitude surface waters can change the large-scale oceanic transport of heat and salt. Consequently, atmospheric and sea ice perturbations over the deep water production sites excite a large-scale response establishing an oceanic ‘‘teleconnection’’ with time scales of years to centuries. To study these feedbacks, a coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model consisting of a two di...

Introduction: A team of NRL scientists from the Marine Meteorology and Oceanography Divisions has successfully transformed the one-way air–ocean Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS®*) into a six-way fully coupled air–ocean– wave weather and marine forecasting system. This was accomplished using the state-of-the-art Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF), making COAMPS t...

A common practice in the design of forecast models for ENSO is to couple ocean general circulation models to simple atmospheric models. Therefore, by construction these models (known as hybrid ENSO models) do not resolve various kinds of atmospheric variability [e.g., the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and westerly wind bursts] that are often regarded as “unwanted noise.” In this work the sens...