this paper shows how game theory can be applied to modeling the interaction between government and manufacturer in implementation of cleaner production. a generic game model based upon ‘two-person non-cooperative’ static game is created to allow various strategic actions being tested by stages, and aid decision making by selecting optimal strategy for both manufacturer and policy maker to reduc...

decentralization allows channel members to make their decisions, independently. in this decentralized channels, members may have different power to make its decisions. hence, decisions of each member may influence on the other members’ decisions. to model such situations, bi-level programming models are useful. in this study, a supply chain including one manufacturer and multiple competitive re...

This paper studies a decentralized supply chain in which a manufacturer sells a common generic product through two traditional and online retailers under free riding market. We assume that the traditional retailer provides the value added services but the online retailer does not. Factors such as retail prices, local advertising of the retailers, global advertising of the manufacturer and servi...

The choice of hydraulic turbine manufacturer and their performance assessment are becoming major challenges. Evaluating product criterion and selecting optimum manufacturer are complicated tasks due to the fact that various criteria or objectives must be considered in the decision making process having various importance. In this study, we proposed a hydro turbine manufacturer selection analysi...

Introduction: Resin modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGI) is prepared by  manual mixing of powder and liquid. Different mixing ratios influence on the RMGI properties. The aim was to compare the effect of different mixing ratios on the microleakage of RMGI. Materials &Methods: In this in vitro study, 60 Class V cavities (3×2×1.5 mm) with the gingival margin of 1 mm apical to ...

Sustainable design aims to reduce the negative impacts either on people (e.g., create healthy) or on planet (e.g., minimize waste). In other words, sustainable design is the philosophy that tends to improve design performance by incorporating health and safety attributes (for people), and environmental attributes (for planet) into products. In this paper, we develop an analytical model to exami...

let $pounds$ be the category of locally compact abelian groups and $a,cin pounds$. in this paper, we define component extensions of $a$ by $c$ and show that the set of all component extensions of $a$ by $c$ forms a subgroup of $ext(c,a)$ whenever $a$ is a connected group. we establish conditions under which the component extensions split and determine lca groups which are component projective. ...

We study a manufacturer that faces a supplier privileged with private information about supply disruptions. We investigate how risk-management strategies of the manufacturer change, and examine whether risk-management tools are more, or less, valuable, in the presence of such asymmetric information. We model a supply chain with one manufacturer and one supplier, in which the supplier’s reliabil...

We model a supply chain consisting of a national brand manufacturer and an independent manufacturer, both of whom are potential suppliers of store brand to a single retailer. The retailer serves two customer segments – a quality sensitive segment (high type) and a price sensitive (low type) segment. The retailer serves these two segments by targeting the national and store brands to the quality...

W study a channel relationship in which manufacturer(s) use independent sales representatives (rep firms), which employ salespeople to do the actual selling. We show that commission-only payments by manufacturers to rep firms lead to suboptimal outcomes for the manufacturer relative to those obtained under a vertically integrated channel. From the manufacturer’s standpoint, these inefficiencies...