background informal payments for health care, which are common in many countries, can have negative effects on health care access, equity and health status as they lead people to forgo or delay seeking care, or to sell assets to pay for care. many countries are putting reforms in place with the aim of reducing informal payments. in order to be successful, such policies should be informed by the...

Using data available as a result of a 2006 change in Securities and Exchange Commission reporting requirements, we document how large the change-in-control payments to executives of target firms are in total. For a sample of firms listed in the S&P small-cap 600 index in 2009, the average (hypothetical) change-in-control payment is 2.2% of target-firm market capitalization. Controlling for endo...

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This paper investigates whether non-base compensation contributes to the gender pay gap. In wage decompositions, we find that lower bonus payments women explain about 10% of gap at mean and different quantiles unconditional distribution whereas prevalence shift premia overtime among is unimportant. Among managers, contribution bonuses more than doubles steadily rising as one moves up distributi...

informal payments to health care providers have been reported in many african, asian and european countries. this study aimed to investigate different aspects of these payments that are also known as under-the-table payments in iran.this is an in-depth interview-based qualitative study conducted on 12 purposively chosen clinical specialists. the interviewees answered 9 questions including the o...

Background Informal payments for health care, which are common in many countries, can have negative effects on health care access, equity and health status as they lead people to forgo or delay seeking care, or to sell assets to pay for care. Many countries are putting reforms in place with the aim of reducing informal payments. In order to be successful, such policies should be informed by the...

Background There is high reliance on out-of-pocket (OOP) health payments as a means of financing health system in Nigeria. OOP health payments can make households face catastrophe and become impoverished. The study aims to examine the financial burden of OOP health payments among households in Nigeria.   Methods Secondary data from the Harmonized Nigeria Living Standard Survey (HNLSS) of 2009/2...

background: informal payments in the health sector of many developing countries are considered as a major impediment to health care reforms. informal payments are a form of systemic fraud and have adverse effects on the performance of the health system. in this study, the frequency and extent of informal payments as well as the determinants of these payments were investigated in general hospita...