Chlorine gas represents a hazardous material threat from industrial accidents and as a terrorist weapon. This review will summarize recent events involving chlorine disasters and its use by terrorists, discuss pre-hospital considerations and suggest strategies for the initial management for acute chlorine exposure events.

The major purpose of the present investigation was to study the effects of different concentrations of residual chlorine on serum iron related parameters in rats. Feeding male rats with water containing 80 ppm of residual chlorine daily for 5 days reduced serum levels of ceruloplasmin, copper, iron and hemoglobin by approximately 27%,23%,6% and 4%, respectively. Higher reductions in serum ...

The international standard of information security risk management (ISO/IEC 27005:2011(E)) adopts an iterative approach and risk assessment methodology of information security incident scenarios analyses, applying the principle of 80/20 to calculate, and therefore should be able to save cost and to increase its effectiveness. On such a basis, we propose a rigorous and systematic approach to add...

The susceptibility of coliform bacteria and bacterial pathogens to free chlorine residuals was determined before and after incubation with amoebae and ciliate protozoa. Viability of bacteria was quantified to determine their resistance to free chlorine residuals when ingested by laboratory strains of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Tetrahymena pyriformis. Cocultures of bacteria and protozoa were i...

Changes in BET surface area and morphology of Ti02 (anatase) were studied as a function of temperature and level of chlorine contamination. The objective was to study the behavior of TiO2 supports under typical catalyst preparation and reaction conditions, using adsorption, wide angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Chlorinated samples had lower surface areas compared to bla...

Recently, various activist and environmental groups have called for a ban on the use of chlorine and chlorine-containing compounds (1,2). The questions at issue are 1) is it possible, and 2) is it wise? Of course, chlorine, as chloride ion, is an essential component of the body, where it occurs at high levels in plasma and interstitial fluid. There probably is no controversy concerning this asp...

Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) is one of the most important factors affecting the re-growth of microorganisms in drinking water. High AOC concentrations result in biological instability, but disinfection kills microbes to ensure the safety of drinking water. Free chlorine is an important oxidizing agent used during the disinfection process. Therefore, we explored the combined effects of AOC a...

The electrocatalytic activity of an N,N-diethylaniline-grafted carbon (DEA/PFC) electrode was utilized to improve the sensitivity in the cathodic detection of free chlorine. Voltammetric curves showed a well-defined cathodic peak of free chlorine on DEA/PFC, lowering the overlap with that of dissolved oxygen. Amperometric measurements were applied for the determination of free chlorine for a co...