Cervical dystonia, also referred to as spasmodic torticollis, is the most frequent form of adult-onset focal dystonia seen in neurological practice. It is characterized by involuntary contractions in a specific set of muscles causing abnormal, sustained and frequently painful postures of the head, neck and shoulders. Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin (BoNT) into selected muscles is cur...

Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) refers to involuntary spasms of masticatory, lingual, and pharyngeal muscles. Phenomenologically, there are seven types of OMD: jaw-closing dystonia (JCD); jaw-opening dystonia (JOD); jaw-deviation dystonia (JDD); lip and perioral dystonia; lingual dystonia; pharyngeal dystonia; and combination OMD (1). OMD may be seen in isolation (focal dystonia), as part of a mor...

Background: Overuse or task-specific dystonia has been described in a number of professions characterized by repetitive actions, typically affecting the upper extremities. Cervical dystonia (CD), however, has rarely been associated with overuse. Case Report: We present a case report of typical CD that developed in the context of chronic repetitive movements associated with the patient’s profess...

Bilateral thalamic infarctions are usually caused by occlusion of the "Artery of Percheron" (AoP). Thalamopeduncular syndrome is among the most common presentations of AoP occlusion. A 59-year-old male presented abrupt decreased level of consciousness. After several weeks, on regaining consciousness, he exhibited oculomotor abnormalities, ataxic gait, cervical dystonia, and cognitive and behavi...

Cervical dystonia (CD) is one of the most common forms of primary dystonia. The pathogenesis of the disease is still unknown, although evidence suggests a role for genetic factors. Recently, a polymorphism in the dopamine D5 receptor (DRD5) gene has been associated with the disease in a British population, suggesting that DRD5 is a susceptibility gene for CD. To confirm these data, we performed...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Few studies have attempted to develop clinical predictors for cervical dystonia (CD) aiming at progression of the dystonic movement. METHOD We retrospectively evaluated 73 patients with primary CD who underwent treatment with Botulinum toxin type-A (BTX-A). The patients were assembled in two groups according to the spread of dystonia during follow-up: spreading and non-...

BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety frequently accompany the motor manifestations of isolated adult-onset focal dystonias. Whether the body region affected when this type of dystonia first presents is associated with the severity of these neuropsychiatric symptoms is unknown. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether depression, anxiety and social anxiety vary by dystonia onset ...

BACKGROUND Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause twisting movements and abnormal postures. Primary dystonia is the most common form and is thought to be a multifactorial condition in which one or more genes combine with environmental factors to reach disease. METHODS We reviewed controlled studies on possible environmental risk factors for...

Background: Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause twisting movements and abnormal postures. Primary dystonia is the most common form and is thought to be a multifactorial condition in which one or more genes combine with environmental factors to reach disease. Methods: We reviewed controlled studies on possible environmental risk factors for...