This study investigated the birth of a brownbanded bamboo shark Chiloscyllium punctatum at the Steinhart Aquarium. Genetic analyses suggest this is the longest documented case of sperm storage for any species of shark (45 months).

1. The administration of dexamethasone to intact fed rats by intraperitoneal injection for 3h was associated with a 6-fold increase in the time for which mitochondria subsequently isolated from the liver retain a given load of exogenous Ca2+. This effect was blocked by the co-administration of cycloheximide with dexamethasone, and partially blocked by the co-administration of puromycin. Daily a...

Off-line learning is facilitated when motor skills are acquired under a random practice schedule and retention suffers when a similar set of motor skills are practiced under a blocked schedule. The current study identified the neural correlates of a random training schedule while participants learned a set of four-element finger sequences using their nondominant hand during functional magnetic ...

This study examined glucocorticoid-adrenergic interactions in modulating acquisition and memory storage for inhibitory avoidance training. Systemically (s.c.) administered amphetamine (1 mg/kg), but not epinephrine (0.1 mg/kg) or the peripherally acting amphetamine derivative 4-OH amphetamine (2 mg/kg), given to rats shortly before training facilitated acquisition performance in a continuous mu...

The purpose of this study was to examine the contextual interference eŠect modulated by skill level in the throwing of diŠerent ball types by pitchers. College and high school baseball pitchers were asked to throw straight balls and breaking balls to the outside half and lower half of the home plate. Twenty pitchers were divided into 4 groups, determined by a combination of practice order (rand...

Chronic gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) is used therapeutically to block activity within the reproductive axis through down-regulation of GnRH receptors within the pituitary gland. GnRH receptors are also expressed in non-reproductive tissues, including areas of the brain such as the hippocampus and amygdala. The impact of long-term GnRHa-treatment on hippocampus-dependent cognit...

Considering the critical role permanence has on predictions related to the contextual interference effect, this study sought to determine whether the manifestation of the effect depends on the time interval separating the acquisition phase (AQ) from the retention test (RT). Four groups of blocked (BL) and four groups of random practice (RD) performed 90 trials of a dart throwing task (AQ) and w...

The hypoglycemic potential of circulating IGFs is thought to be regulated through the formation of ternary complexes consisting of an IGF, either IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) or IGFBP-5, and the acid-labile subunit. These high molecular weight complexes are confined to the circulation and represent a reservoir of IGF with a prolonged half-life. In this study, we show that hypoglycemia, induc...

We demonstrate that it is fairly easy to decompose any propositional formula into two subsets such that both can be solved by blocked clause elimination. Such a blocked clause decomposition is useful to cheaply detect backbone variables and equivalent literals. Blocked clause decompositions are especially useful when they are unbalanced, i.e., one subset is much larger in size than the other on...

We recently introduced a new proof system for Quantified Boolean Formulas (QBF), called QRAT, that opened up a variety of new preprocessing techniques. This paper presents a concept that follows from the QRAT proof system: blocked literals. Blocked literals are redundant universal literals that can be removed or added to clauses. We show that blocked literal elimination (BLE) and blocked litera...