It has been shown that computational hardness of cognitive tasks affects people’s effort and ability to solve problems reliably. However, prior empirical studies lack generality. They quantify based on particular algorithms or for specific problems. Here, we propose a set measures individual instances task in way is independent any algorithm model can be generalized other Specifically, introduc...

The present study investigated the use of L2 private speech by English foreign language (EFL) learners in regulating their mental activities. Thirty intermediate adult EFL learners took a test of solving challenging English riddles while their voices were being recorded. Following, instances of the produced private speech were analyzed in terms of form, content, and function. Numerous instances...

There is a strong case to be made out against psycho-analysis, but Salter fails to make it. Even when he does present convincing instances of the contradictions within the theory, he spoils his case by his uncritical thinking and his sweeping condemnations. For example, he boldly and rashly rejects outright such concepts as projection and sublimation as being utterly useless. It would be more a...

Learning How to Swim and Improving Self-Efficacy: Physical Education Needs to be Taken More Seriously M. Taslimi P. Iraannejaad, Ph.D. Z. Lebaadi, Ph.D. Physical education is not just for improving the functions and well-being of the body, as it can help with the improvement of the psychological functions as well. A physical, and enjoyable, activity such as swimming, as a p...

Wikis are established means for the collaborative authoring, versioning and publishing of textual articles. The Wikipedia project, for example, succeeded in creating the by far largest encyclopedia just on the basis of a wiki. Recently, several approaches have been proposed on how to extend wikis to allow the creation of structured and semantically enriched content. However, the means for creat...

Wikis are established means for the collaborative authoring, versioning and publishing of textual articles. The Wikipedia project, for example, succeeded in creating the by far largest encyclopedia just on the basis of a wiki. Recently, several approaches have been proposed on how to extend wikis to allow the creation of structured and semantically enriched content. However, the means for creat...