Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome: An Autoimmune-Mediated Encephalopathy In the November-December 2009 issue of the American Journal of Neuroradiology, Uggetti et al presented neuroradiologic findings in 36 patients with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), a genetically determined early-onset encephalopathy resembling congenital viral infection characterized by basal ganglia calcifications, white matter...

RATIONALE Leukoencephalopathy with calcifications and cysts (LCC) is an uncommon entity characterized by edematous leukoencephalopathy, cerebral calcifications, and parenchymal cysts. Due to its rarity, the clinical, radiological, and histopathological features have yet to be well elucidated. PATIENT CONCERNS The first case is a 35-year-old female who was asymptomatic. A giant intracranial cy...

We present the case of a 76-year-old man who was admitted to the emergency room of Dario Fernandez General Hospital, ISSSTE (Mexico City, Mexico) with slurred speech of a few hours of onset. His relevant background included hypertension since he was 68 years-of-age without current treatment, and a posterior cervical laminectomy because of medullar injury when he was 72 years-of-age. During the ...

The outbreak of the post-streptococcal neurological disorders related to the antibasal ganglia antibodies is broadening. In addition to the disorders such as chorea and obsessive-compulsive disorder which have been recognized previously, the movement and behavioral abnormalities are the other aspects of post-streptococcal neurological disorders.  Streptococcus is a positive-gram and coccus...

Objectives: The basal ganglia (BG) controls different patterns of behavior by receiving inputs from sensory-motor and pre-motor cortex and projecting it to pre-frontal, pre-motor and supplementary motor areas. As the exact role of BG in swallowing process has not been fully determined, we aimed at reviewing the published data on neurological control in the swallowing technique to have a better ...

Now, that the last of the submissions have been reviewed and accepted for publication, the 46 articles resulting from IBAGS X have been sorted into 7 topics (Basal Ganglia Electrophysiology, Basal Ganglia Pharmacology, Basal Ganglia Anatomy, Genetic Models of Basal Ganglia Disorders, Basal Ganglia Function in Health and Disease, Learning in the Basal Ganglia and Computational Approaches to the ...

The basal ganglia are large subcortical structures comprising several interconnected nuclei in the forebrain, midbrain, and diencephalon (Fig. 31.1). Because of certain features, it is generally agreed that basal ganglia participate in the control of movement. The largest portion of basal ganglia inputs and outputs are connected with motor areas. Second, the discharge of many basal ganglia neur...

introduction: addiction imposes a large medical, social and economic burden on societies. currently, there is no effective treatment for addiction. our struggle to decipher the different mechanisms involved in addiction requires a proper understanding of the brain regions which promote this devastating behavior. previous studies have shown a pivotal role for insula in cigarette smoking. in this...