IntroductionToxoplasmosis is a well-known zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii. The main causes of the range from eating undercooked or contaminated meat and shellfish to cleaning litter trays into which cats that excreted toxoplasma via faeces. This pathogen can live for very long time, possibly lifetime, within bodies humans other animals.Aims objectivesThis study aimed predict analys...

The insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a transmembrane receptor with tyrosine kinase activity. The receptor plays a critical role in cancer. Using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the IGF-1R, typically blocks ligand binding and enhances down-regulation of the cell-surface IGF-1R. Some MAbs such as cixutumumab are under clinical trial investigation. Targeting multiple distinct...

Abstract After the outbreak of COVID-19, cellular immunity has been shown to provide protection especially in breakthrough infection and B cell-deficient patients. Furthermore, durable targets conserved epitopes among SARS-CoV-2 variants or different coronavirus then inspiring an attractive strategy for vaccine development. However, how simultaneously induce balanced T cell responses against mu...

The fibronectin-binding repeats of the SfbI protein of Streptococcus pyogenes constitute the minimal domain able to confer protection against lethal infection. We investigated the presence of B- and T-cell epitopes within this region in congenic mice. One linear B-cell epitope was recognized by BALB/b and BALB/k mice, whereas two epitopes were found in BALB/c animals. A unique T-cell epitope wa...

This paper focuses on the development of candidate DNA vaccine encoding antigenic epitopes of type O foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). A series of plasmids encoding different combinations of B cell epitopes and a T cell epitope were constructed and characterized by inoculating BALB/c mice. The specific antibodies were only detectable in the mice inoculated with plasmids encoding the T cell e...

Type 1 diabetes is a T cell-mediated disease in which B cells serve critical Ag-presenting functions. In >95% of type 1 diabetic patients the B cell response to the glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) autoantigen is exclusively directed at conformational epitopes residing on the surface of the native molecule. We have examined how the epitope specificity of Ag-presenting autoimmune B cell li...

It is conventionally pictured that extracellular antigens are engulfed by antigen presenting cells (APCs) via endocytosis. Then the antigens are digested in lysoendosome to produce peptide epitopes which are loaded to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) before recycling back onto cell membrane. On the other hand, intracellular antigens are processed by proteasome and the peptide ...