Paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin in venous blood is a naturally occurring contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). By accentuating the effects of this agent through the use of gradient-echo techniques in high fields, we demonstrate in vivo images of brain microvasculature with image contrast reflecting the blood oxygen level. This blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast follow...

Mechanism of AIDN: The agents lead to damage in the hippocampus and amygdala which leads to learning and memory disturbances subsequently. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and glutaminergic neurons have been found to undergo apoptosis due to exposure. Experimental studies have shown that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activation occurs due to inhalational anesth...

Since an ethical issue has been raised regarding the use of the well-known anesthetic agent chloral hydrate, owing to its mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in animals, attention of neuroscientists has turned to finding out an alternative agent able to meet not only potency, safety, and analgesic efficacy, but also reduced neuroprotective effect for stroke research. The aim of this study was to...

BACKGROUND Since the introduction of cocaine in 1884, local anesthetics have been used as a mainstay of pain management. However, numerous studies over the past several decades have elucidated the supplemental role of local anesthetics as antimicrobial agents. In addition to their anesthetic properties, medications such as bupivacaine and lidocaine have been shown to exhibit bacteriostatic, bac...

Although general anesthetics have long been considered neuroprotective, there are growing concerns about neurotoxicity. Preclinical studies clearly demonstrated that commonly used general anesthetics are both neuroprotective and neurotoxic, with unclear mechanisms. Recent studies suggest that differential activation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, a calcium release channel located on...

Aminoamide local anesthetics induce vasoconstriction in vivo and in vitro. The goals of this in vitro study were to investigate the potency of local anesthetic-induced vasoconstriction and to identify the physicochemical property (octanol/buffer partition coefficient, pKa, molecular weight, or potency) of local anesthetics that determines their potency in inducing isolated rat aortic ring contr...

  There is a few available information about the effect of anesthetics, specially electroanesthesia on immune parameters in fish. In the present work, two anesthetics, MS222 (50 ppm), clove oil (25 ppm), and electroanesthesia were tested in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in narcosis stage. The results showed, clove oil and electroanesthesia increase the lysozyme activity 24 h after anesthe...

The spillage of enflurane on the outside of a membrane oxygenator during cardiopulmonary bypass resulted in a leak at the venous outlet, with nearly fatal outcome. We studied the effect of three different volatile anesthetics on the polycarbonate parts of unused and used COBE CMS membrane oxygenators with 30-HRV open filtered reservoir. The polycarbonate parts were submitted to a series of test...

Introduction. Because of obvious concerns, it is not possible to thoroughly explore the adverse effects of anesthetics in children. However, the availability of neural stem cell derived models has provided an invaluable tool to examine the etiology of neurotoxicity associated with developmental exposure to general anesthetics. Stem cells and neurotoxicity. To evaluate the degree of anestheticin...

BACKGROUND Norepinephrine transporters (NETs) terminate the neuronal transmission of norepinephrine, which is released from noradrenergic neurons. To investigate the interaction with NET, the authors examined the effects of short- and long-term treatment with anesthetics on the activity and mRNA level of NET. METHODS To assay [3H]norepinephrine uptake, bovine adrenal medullary cells in cultur...