Given its vapor pressure, toluene tends to partition to the atmosphere. Automobile emissions are the principal source of toluene in ambient air, with levels fluctuating in proportion to automobile traffic. Toluene can also be a common indoor contaminant, and indoor air concentrations are often several times higher than outside air. This is likely due to release of toluene from common household ...

The motion of water or the atmosphere that surrounds or supports a mobile platform affects the motion of the platform in a favorable or unfavorable way. Exploiting and compensating the ambient field is investigated for different motion objectives like the classical point to point motion, observation motion, exploration motion and so-called survival motion. Time and energy optimal trajectories i...

Objective: Emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) into the atmosphere leads to increases in the concentration of ambient ozone, a major component of photochemical smog. Therefore, the ability to determine the contribution of a selected VOC to ozone formation would be extremely valuable for both environmental and industrial reasons. To this end, a promising strategy is to create detailed...

A facile and efficient transformation of arylboronic acids to their corresponding aryl thiocyanates has been successfully developed. Based on the CuCl-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling reaction between arylboronic acids and trimethylsilylisothiocyanate (TMSNCS) under oxygen atmosphere, the transformation can be readily conducted at ambient temperature. The newly-developed protocol provided a c...

A chiral auxilliary-based direct aldol reaction is reported. The reactions are catalytic in magnesium salts and are facilitated by silylation with chlorotrimethylsilane. The adducts isolated are in high diastereoselectivity (up to 32:1 dr) and favor the anti-aldol diastereomer B. Reactions are operationally simple and can be run under ambient atmosphere without rigorous exclusion of water. Many...

A. 3-Amino-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,5-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane. A 1-L singlenecked, round-bottomed flask is equipped with an egg-shaped, Teflon®coated magnetic stirring bar (3.5 cm x 1.5 cm), capped with a rubber septum, flame-dried under vacuum, and cooled under an argon atmosphere (Note 1). After cooling to ambient temperature (21–23 °C), to the flask is added anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, ...

The thermal decomposition mechanism of synthetic Al(OH)3 (gibbsite) was studied in situ by neutron thermodiffractometry in an ambient atmosphere from room temperature to 6001C with 501C steps. Gibbsite decomposed to yield AlO . (OH) (boehmite) and then poorly crystallized v-Al2O3. Rietveld analysis was used to refine the cell parameters’ variation of gibbsite and its thermal expansion coefficie...

Microstructure and thermal stability of ZrN/ZrB2 bilayer deposited on GaN have been studied using transmission electron microscopy methods (TEM) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). It has been demonstrated that annealing of the contact structure at 1100C in N2 atmosphere does not lead to any observable metal/ semiconductor interaction. In contrast, a failure of the integrity of ZrN/ZrB2...

We show that the atmospheric and magnetic height variations are coupled in all magnetohydrostatic (MHS) equilibria with gravity if any isolated weak evacuated flux tubes or hydrostatically connected non-force-free fields are present. In gas-dominated regimes, as in stellar photospheres, flux tubes expand with height to maintain pressure balance with the ambient giving a ‘magnetic canopy’ in the...

The solar corona is the source of the solar wind, which is responsible for the heliosphere and plays a crucial role in solar/terrestrial phenomena. A comprehensive understanding of these phenomena can be established only by directly measuring ion and electron velocity distributions, plasma waves, and fluxes of energetic particles near the sun. The problem resulting from the inherent atmosphere ...