Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with μ-opioid, monoaminergic, and local anesthetic effects. In view of the involvement of the opioid and monoaminergic systems in pain pathways, the study was conducted to evaluate tramadol as an epidural analgesic in dogs. Ten healthy adult dogs (mean ± SEM body weight = 17.3 ± 3.8 kg) were premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg, IM), induced with t...

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate whether intravenous crotalphine produces significant sedation, as well physiological changes, in healthy standing horses. Six mares, aged 8 years and weighing 415kg underwent three different treatments a crossover design: TA (acepromazine: 50μg.kg-1), TC (crotalphine: 0.01μg.kg-1) TX (xylazine: 1000μg.kg-1), intravenously. At various time po...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess validation evidence for a sedation scale for dogs. We hypothesized that the chosen sedation scale would be unreliable when used by different raters and show poor discrimination between sedation protocols. A sedation scale (range 0-21) was used to score 62 dogs scheduled to receive sedation at two veterinary clinics in a prospective trial. Scores re...

PURPOSE To characterize the effect of postural IOP elevation and pharmacological IOP lowering on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. METHODS Four groups of DBA/2J mice (3 months old, n = 7; 5 months old, n = 7; 10 months old, n = 7; and 11 months old, n = 8) were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection (0.6 mL/kg) of a mixture of ketamine (42.8 mg/mL)...

BACKGROUND The effect of intranasal oxygen and/or early reversal of xylazine with atipamezole on arterial oxygenation in free-ranging moose (Alces alces) immobilized with etorphine-acepromazine-xylazine with a cross-sectional clinical study on 33 adult moose was evaluated. RESULTS Before treatment the mean±SD (range) partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) was 62±17 (26-99) mmHg. Twenty-si...

The goal of this study was to establish an easy-to-perform, reliable, and safe protocol for intraperitoneal injection anaesthesia in rats, as well as an easy method to assess anaesthesia depth under routine clinical conditions. Seventy Wistar rats (35 males and 35 females) were used to evaluate intraperitoneal anaesthesia with ketamine (75 mg/kg) combined with one of the following central nervo...

This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of gabapentin as an adjuvant for postoperative pain management in dogs. Twenty dogs undergoing mastectomy were randomized to receive perioperative oral placebo or gabapentin (10 mg/kg). All dogs were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg) and morphine (0.3 mg/ kg). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg/kg) intravenously...