Abstract A close reading of two poetical sources provides new data on the reforms fiscal schedule Abbasid state in ninth century. This paper reconstructs calendrical complications those regions that followed Iranian administrative tradition and its solar calendar without intercalations. Two were issued under al-Mutawakkil al-Muʿtaḍid to correct these regions. panegyric by al-Buḥturī allows us c...

This is a compilation of historical information from various sources, about the number i = √ −1. The information has been put together for students of Complex Analysis who are curious about the origins of the subject, since most books on Complex Variables have no historical information (one exception is Visual Complex Analysis, by T. Needham). A fact that is surprising to many (at least to me!)...

Calligraphy, one of the Islamic arts, has received great attention in Muslim community. Basically, calligraphy is artistic writing ( khat ) taken from Al-Qur'an and it named based on place: Makki , Madani Anbari Baghdadi. By time, names are shown, seems like Khufi Mutsallats Mudawwar some other types writing. Calligraphy a big role developing civilization world. The influence power development ...

After the fall of Abbasid dynasty in 1258 due to attack Mongols, mecca great Islamic power began move Ottoman Empire and Timurid Empire. The two powers were led by Sultan Bayazid Timur Lenk, respectively. development possessed these rulers brought them point where they competed with each other spreading political influence. Policies undermine other's territory are inevitable. They finally met w...

in this research, it has been tried to survy the norooz celebration and its challenges in the islamic civilization, esp. in the caliph periods. since this ancient celebration was full of moral and humanistic concepts, it could immediately find a special harmong with the newly formed islamic culture. this celebration has been presented in the arabic literature in different forms. there fore, in ...