Religion played a prominent role in the Allied Occupation of Japan (1945–1952) that followed the brutal Pacific War (1941–1945). Officially, the occupiers were to promulgate religious freedom, separate religion from the state, and encourage the Japanese people to develop a ‘desire for religious freedom’. Promulgating religious freedom was the easy part. Separating religion from the state withou...

Japan’s urban planning system began with the Urban Renewal (1885) and has been modified since then in various ways through Tokyo City Improvement Ordinance (1888) Planning Law (1919). From 1895 to 1945 (Japanese colonization era), Japan applied tested its Taipei (1895–1945), Seoul (1910–1945, Gyeongseong), Beijing (1936–1945). Although was first city discussed for planning, renewal implemented ...

makran subduction zone (msz) offshore of iran and pakistan is one of the most tsunamigenic sources in the indian ocean. historically, the msz has generated some tsunamigenic earthquakes like that of 28 november 1945 with the death tool of more than 4000 people along the coasts of iran, pakistan, india, and oman. in this study, the tsunami hazard associated with the msz is investigated. at first...