In concert with the development of new materials in the last decade, the need for toxicological studies of these materials has been increasing. These new materials include a group of rare earths (RE). The use of RE nanotechnology is being considered in some green applications, to increase their efficiency by using nano-sized RE compounds, and therefore hazard evaluation and risk assessment are ...

This brief sketch is intended as an introduction to a series of articles 1 on bioelectrical phenomena, its purpose being to present certain fundamental facts and underlying conceptions. Early in the course of the investigation it became evident that there are great advantages in using single cells in place of tissues. The experiments were accordingly made with single (multinucleate) cells of Va...

ABSTRACT: Colourants in cosmetics cover both, colouring agents and oxidative hair dyes. Risk assessment of these compounds is achieved following the Notes of Guidance of the former SCCP and includes data on physical and chemical properties as well as data on relevant toxicological endpoints which are performed mainly following OECD guidelines. In future, safety assessment of all cosmetic ingred...

*Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; †Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056-1641; ‡Division of Biometry and Risk Assessment, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079; §Analytical Sciences, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713; and...

The objective of this work is to present a critical review of the application of the tissue residue approach (TRA) in ecological risk and/or impact assessment (ERA) of chemical stressors and environmental criteria development. A secondary goal is to develop a framework for integrating the TRA into ecological assessments along with traditional, exposure concentration-based assessment approaches....

The Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) is a level of human intake or exposure that is considered to be of negligible risk, despite the absence of chemical-specific toxicity data. The TTC approach is a form of risk characterisation in which uncertainties arising from the use of data on other compounds are balanced against the low level of exposure. The approach was initially developed by t...

Lipophilic phycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by phytoplanktonic species. They accumulate in filter-feeding shellfish and can cause human intoxication. Regulatory limits have been set for individual toxins, and the toxicological features are well characterized for some of them. However, phycotoxin contamination is often a co-exposure phenomenon, and toxicological data regarding mixt...

Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is an antiseptic with antiviral and antibacterial properties used in a variety of products including wound care dressings, contact lens cleaning solutions, perioperative cleansing products, and swimming pool cleaners. There are regulatory concerns with regard to its safety in humans for water treatment. We decided to assess the safety of this chemical in Sprag...