Recent advances in statistical mechanical theory can be used to solve a fundamental problem in experimental thermodynamics. In 1997, Jarzynski proved an equality relating the irreversible work to the equilibrium free energy difference, DeltaG. This remarkable theoretical result states that it is possible to obtain equilibrium thermodynamic parameters from processes carried out arbitrarily far f...

Surfactant-dye interactions are very important in chemical and dyeing processes. The dyes interact strongly with surfactant and show new spectrophotometric properties, so the UV-vis absorption spectrophotometric method has been used to study this process and extract some thermodynamic parameters. In this work, the association equilibrium between ionic dyes and ionic surfactant were studied by a...

Corn cob as a low cost adsorbent was used in the present work for the removal of toxic heavy metal Co2+ from aqueous solutions. Bath experiments were used to determine the best adsorption conditions. The equilibrium adsorption level was determined as a function of solution pH, temperature (T), contact time (tc), initial adsorbate concentration, and adsorbent dosage. Effective removal of metal i...

The thermodynamic model of ultrathin lubricant film melting, confined between two atomically-flat solid surfaces, is built using the Landau phase transition approach. Non-equilibrium entropy is introduced describing the part of thermal motion conditioned by non-equilibrium and non-homogeneous character of the thermal distribution. The equilibrium entropy changes during the time of transition of...

Ammoniated electrons exist in solutions of potassium amide in liquid ammonia which have reached thermodynamic equilibrium with hydrogen gas. By determining electron concentrations by electron spin resonance, an equilibrium constant of 10(5) at room temperature has been obtained.

using hartree–fock (hf) and ِِdensity functional theory (dft) calculations the thermodynamic properties such as thermal energy , , thermal enthalpy , , thermal entropy , , thermal gibbs free energy , , heat capacity ,cv, and molecular structures of several species involving in keto↔enol tautomerism related to acetaldehyde (a), 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone) and  acetylacetone (aa) h...